“We do not any longer make the mistake of deriving the morality of our locality an decade direct from the inevitable constitution of human nature. ... We recognize that morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits. Mankind has always preferred to say “It is morally good” rather than “It is habitual” .... [b]ut historically the two phrases are synonymous.”
- Ruth Benedict, "Anthropology and the abnormal"








"If I say 'Stealing is wrong' I produce a sentence with no factual meaning ... It is as if I had written 'Stealing money!!' where the shape and thickness of the exclamation marks show ... a special sort of moral disapproval.

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We certainly do engage in disputes which are ordinarily regarded as disputes about questions of value. But, in all such cases, we find, if we consider the matter closely, that the dispute is not really about a question of value, but about a question of fact."
- A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth, and Logic