Table of Contents
Chemical structures of (a) ribonucleotides and (b) deoxyribonucleotides
Names and abbreviations of nucleic acid bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides
Some possible tautomeric conversions for bases
N-Glycoside conformation: syn and anti conformations
Furanose ring conformation: A planar ribose ring viewed down the C3_-C4_ bond showing the eclipsed substituents
Furanose ring pucker: Steric strain in the planar form is partially relieved by ring puckering in which C3˘ is the out-of-plane atom (envelope form)
Nucleotide furanose conformation: C3_-endo conformation (on the same side of the sugar ring as C5_) which occurs in A-RNA and RNA-11
Nucleotide furanose conformation: C2_-endo conformation which occurs in B-DNA
Hydroxymethyl group conformation: conformational wheel showing the distribution of C4_-C5_ torsion angles of the furanose ring
Nucleotide conformation is determined by the seven indicated torsion angles.
Chemical structure of a nucleic acid
Mechanism of base-catalyzed
RNA hydrolysis
Three-dimensional structure of B-DNA
X-ray diffraction photograph of a vertically oriented Na+ DNA fiber in the B conformation taken by Rosalind Franklin
B-DNA structure: Ball-and-stick and space-filling models viewed perpendicular to the helical axis
B-DNA structure: Ball-and-stick and space-filling models viewed parallel to the helical axis
A-DNA structure: Ball-and-stick and space-filling models viewed perpendicular to the helical axis
A-DNA structure: Ball-and-stick and space-filling models viewed parallel to the helical axis
Z-DNA structure: Ball-and-stick and space-filling models viewed perpendicular to the helical axis
Z-DNA structure: Ball-and-stick and space-filling models viewed parallel to the helical axis
Conversion of B-DNA to Z-DNA
Structural features of ideal A-, B-, and Z-DNA
X-ray structure of two ADAR1 Z_ domains in complex with Z-DNA
X-ray structure of a 10-bp RNA–DNA hybrid helix consisting of d(GGCGCCCGAA) in complex with r(UUCGGGCGCC)
Sizes of some DNA molecules
Watson-Crick base pairs
Non-Watson-Crick base pairs: Pairing of adenine residues in the crystal structure of 9-methyladenine
Non-Watson-Crick base pairs: Hypothetical pairing between cytosine and thymine residues
Non-Watson-Crick base pairs: Hoogsteen pairing between adenine and thymine residues in the crystal structure of 9-methyladenine·1-methylthymine
IR spectra (N-H stretch region) of guanine, cytosine, and adenine derivatives (CDCl3 solvent)
Association constants for base pair formation
Stacking of adenine rings in the crystal structure of 9-methyladenine
Variation of the osmotic coefficient _ with the molal concentrations m of adenosine derivatives in H2O
PPT Slide
Schematic representation of strand separation in duplex DNA resulting from heat denaturation
UV absorbance spectra of native and heat-denatured E. coli DNA
Example of a DNA melting curve
Variation of the melting temperatures, Tm, of various DNAs with their G + C content
Partially renatured DNA
Melting curves for single-stranded poly(A) and ApA
Thermodynamic parameters for the stacking/unstacking reaction: stacking is enthalpically driven and entropically
opposed (opposite to what is observed in protein stabilization)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) drawn in its “cloverleaf” form
Action of restriction endonucleases
Site-directed mutagenesis
Schematic diagram of translation
Ribosomal reaction: peptide bond formation
The standard
“genetic” code
Action of DNA polymerases
Action of RNA polymerases
Function of DNA ligase
PPT Slide
Construction of a restriction map
Restriction map for the 5243-bp circular DNA of SV40
The pUC18 cloning vector
Construction of a recombinant DNA molecule
Splicing DNA using terminal transferase
Construction of a recombinant DNA molecule through the use of synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors
Colony (in situ) hybridization
Construction of a
recombinant
DNA molecule by
directional cloning
Bacteriophages attached to the surface of a bacterium
Diagram of T2 bacteriophage injecting its DNA into an E. coli cell
The Hershey-Chase experiment
Demonstration of the semi-conservative mode of DNA replication in E. coli using density gradient ultracentrifugation
The central dogma of molecular biology
Gene expression
Control of transcription
of the lac operon
Nucleotide reading frames
Agarose gel electrophoretogram
of restriction digests
Pneumococci
Transgenic mice
Autoradiograph of Drosophila melanogaster DNA
Electron micrograph of a T2 bacteriophage and its DNA
Function of the transcription bubble
Post-transcriptional processing of eukaryotic mRNAs
Replication of duplex DNA in E. coli
Replication of duplex DNA in E. coli
The 5˘ ® 3˘ exonuclease function of DNA polymerase I
Replacement of RNA primers by DNA in lagging strand synthesis
The 3˘ ® 5˘ exonuclease function of DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III
PPT Slide
Microinjection of DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized mouse ovum
Use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Restriction-fragment length polymorphisms
Inheritance of RFLPs according to the rules of Mendelian genetics
Electron micrograph of bacteriophage l
Electron micrograph of the filamentous bacteriophage M13
Electron micrograph of an inclusion body of the protein prochymosin in an E. coli cell.
A degenerate oligonucleotide probe
Detection of DNAs containing specific base sequences by the Southern transfer technique
Cloning of foreign DNA in l phages
Chromosome walking
|