Infant Nutrition Powerpoint/YouTube Video References

SLIDE 1

Images:

Top Left: Microsoft clip art

Top right: Photo courtesy of Yves Picq at Wikipedia commons

Bottom: Photo courtesy of flickr user Aurimas Mikalauskas

SLIDE 2

Ryan AS, Wenjun Z, Acosta A. Breastfeeding continues to increase into the new millennium. Pediatrics. 2002;110:1103–1109.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Conference Edition—Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health; 2000:47– 48.

Primate models:

Smith BH. (1991). Age of weaning approximates age of emergence of the first permanent molar in nonhuman primates, abstracted. Phys Anthropol Suppl., 12, 163-4.

Borgin B & Smith H. (1996). Evolution of the human life cycle. American Journal of Human Biology, 8, 703-16.

Ancestors:

Hrdy, S. (2009). Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

WHO:

Fifty-Fifth World Health Assembly. Infant and Young Child Nutrition: Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.

AAP:

Gartner, L.M., Morton, J., Lawrence, R.A., Naylor, A.J., O’Hare, D., Schanler, & R.J., Eldelman, A.I.; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. (2005). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 115(2), 496-506.

Only about 20% of mothers are breastfeeding at all when their child is one year old:

http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/NIS_data/index.htm

SLIDE 3

Provide brain with chemicals it needs to build itself:

Isaacs, E.B., Fischl, B.R., Quinn, B.T., Chong, W.K., Gadian, D.G., & Lucas, A. (2010). Impact of breast milk on IQ, brain size and white matter development. Pediatr Res., 67(4), 357-62.

Infant growth:

Dettwyler, K.A. & Fishman, C. (1992). Infant feeding practices and growth. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21, 171-204.

Builds immune system:

Nathavitharana KA, Catty D, McNeish AS. IgA antibodies in human milk: epidemiological markers of previous infections? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1994;71:F192-F197.

Images:

Photo courtesy of flickr user MuddyBootsPhoto

Other images courtesy of Microsoft clipart

SLIDE 4

200 essential fatty acids:

Horta BL, Bahl R, Martinés JC, et al. Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic review and meta-analyses. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007:1-57.

80% alive with essential immune factors:

Goldman, A.S. Goldblum, R.M., & Hanson, L.A. (1990). Anti-inflammatory systems in human milk.  Adv Exp Med Biol, 262, 69-76.

Images:

Fatty acid chain: Photo courtesy of Ephemeronium and Ben Mills at  wikipedia commons

Muscular kid: microsoft clip art

SLIDE 5

Chemicals:

Donovan, S. & Lonnerdal, B. (1989). Non-protein nitrogen and true protein in infant formulas. Acta Paediatr Scand, 78, 497-504.

Gardner, L. (1986). Neonatal tetany and high phosphate infant formulas. Am J Dis Child, 140, 853-4.

Toxins:

Koo, W.W.K., Kaplan, L.A., & Krug-Wispe, S.K. (1988). Aluminum contamination of infant formulas. J Parent Enter Nutr, 12, 170-3.

Biering, G. Karlsson, S., & Clark, N.C. Jonsdottir, K.E., Ludvigsson, P., & Steingrimsson, O. (1989). Three cases of neonatal meningitis caused by Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk. J Clin Microbiol, 27(9), 2054-6.

Rocket fuels:

Schier, J.G., Wolkin, A.F., Valentin-Blasini, L., Belson, M.G., Kieszak, S.M., Rubin, C.S., & Blount, B.C. (2010). Perchlorate exposure from infant formula and comparisons with the perchlorate reference dose.  Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 20, 281-7.

Pathogens:

Stuebe, A. (2009). The Risks of Not Breastfeeding for Mothers and Infants. Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2(4), 222-231.

Baker, R. D. (2002). Infant Formula Safety. Pediatrics, 110(4), 833-835. doi: 10.1542/peds.110.4.833

Images:

Left image: Microsoft clip art

Middle image: ECB Hazard Symbols (public domain)

Right image: Photo courtesy of flickr user kaibara87

SLIDE 6

Formula is not strictly regulated by the FDA:

Infant Formula Act of 1980 as amended in 1986.

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act § 412, 21 U.S.C. § 350a (1980).

Baker, R. D. (2002). Infant Formula Safety. Pediatrics, 110(4), 833-835. doi: 10.1542/peds.110.4.833

Images:

Sub sandwich: Photo courtesy of Linda Lee (www.photographybylindalee.com)

SLIDE 7

Sugarman M, Kendall-Tackett KA. Weaning ages in a sample of American women who practice extended breastfeeding. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1995;34:642– 647.

Image:

Photo courtesy of flickr user jason tinder (some rights reserved)

SLIDE 8

Breastfeeding when babies get teeth:

Wiessinger, D., West, D., & Pitman, T. (2010). The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding (pp. 180-181). New York, NY: Ballantine Books.

Images:

Piranha: Photo courtesy of flickr user dans le grand bleu (some rights reserved)

Baby: Photo courtesy of flickr user csr_4n6 (some rights reserved)

SLIDE 9

Breastfeeding in public can be done discreetly:

Wiessinger, D., West, D., & Pitman, T. (2010). The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding (pp. 144-145). New York, NY: Ballantine Books.

Images:

Left: Photo courtesy of Joanna Goddard (joannagoddard.blogspot.com)

Top Middle: Photo courtesy of flickr user HoboMama

Bottom Middle: Photo courtesy of flickr user Carol Browne

Right: Photo courtesy of flickr user ibu menyusui

SLIDE 10

Sugarman M, Kendall-Tackett KA. Weaning ages in a sample of American women who practice extended breastfeeding. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1995; 34:642– 647

Image courtesy of flickr user Dan Harrelson (some rights reserved)

SLIDE 11

Law:

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 §7, 29 U.S.C. §207 (2010).

Companies:

Cohen R, Mrtek MB. The impact of two corporate lactation programs on the incidence and duration of breast-feeding by employed mothers. Am J Health Promot. 1994;6:436-441.

Dodgson JE, Duckett L. Breastfeeding in the workplace. Building a support program for nursing mothers. AAOHN J. 1997;45:290-298.

Rogers B, Banchy P. Establishing an employee breast pumping facility. J Hum Lact. 1994;10:119-120.

Images:

Nursing Mother Station: Photo courtesy of flickr user Wha’ppen (some rights reserved)

Baby: courtesy of flickr user Clover_1 (some rights reserved) 

SLIDE 12

Nipple size does not influence breastfeeding:

Wiessinger, D., West, D., & Pitman, T. (2010). The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding (pp. 14). New York, NY: Ballantine Books.

It is not normal for breastfeeding to hurt:

Morland-Schults, K. & Hill, P.D. (2005). Prevention and therapies for nipple pain: A systematic review. JOGNN, 34(4), 428-37.

Tait, P. (2000). Nipple pain in breastfeeding women: Causes, treatment, and    prevention strategies. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 45(3), 212-5.

Breastfeeding mothers do not lactate uncontrollably:

Wiessinger, D., West, D., & Pitman, T. (2010). The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding (pp. 14). New York, NY: Ballantine Books.

99% of women can breastfeed successfully:

Arke, J. (1991). Infant feeding: the physiological basis. Bulletin of the WHO 1989. World Health Organization, Geneva, 67(suppl.).

Images left to right:

courtesy of flickr user Ruby Sinreich (some rights reserved)

courtesy of flickr user Judy Ann Warren (some rights reserved)

courtesy of flickr user Eden, Janine and Jim (some rights reserved)

SLIDE 13

Inconvenience of breastfeeding:

Kawasaki, M.P. (2005). Mothering with Breastfeeding and Maternal Care (pp. 45). Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc. 

SLIDE 14

Autonomy of child:

Agostoni C. Ghrelin, leptin and the neurometa- bolic axis of breastfed and formula-fed infants. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:523-525.

SLIDE 15

Immune system:

Heinig MJ. Host defense benefits of breastfeeding for the infant. Effect of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001; 48:105–123, ix

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome:

Horne RS, Parslow PM, Ferens D, Watts AM, Adamson TM. Comparison of evoked arousability in breast and formula fed infants. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89(1):22–25

Ford RPK, Taylor BJ, Mitchell EA, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22:885– 890

Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ, Ford RPK, et al. Four modifiable and other major risk factors for cot death: the New Zealand study. J Paediatr Child Health. 1992;28(suppl 1):S3–S8

Scragg LK, Mitchell EA, Tonkin SL, Hassall IB. Evaluation of the cot death prevention programme in South Auckland. N Z Med J. 1993;106: 8 –10

Alm B, Wennergren G, Norvenius SG, et al. Breast feeding and the sudden infant death syndrome in Scandinavia, 1992–95. Arch Dis Child. 2002;86:400 – 402

McVea KL, Turner PD, Peppler DK. The role of breastfeeding in sudden infant death syndrome. J Hum Lact. 2000;16:13–20

Mosko S, Richard C, McKenna J. Infant arousals during mother-infant bed sharing: implications for infant sleep and sudden infant death syndrome research. Pediatrics. 1997;100:841– 849.

High blood pressure:

Horta BL, Bahl R, Martinés JC, et al. Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic review and meta-analyses. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007:1-57.

Owen CG, Whincup PH, Gilg JA, et al. Effect of breast feeding in infancy on blood pressure in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;327:1189-1195.

Martin RM, Gunnell D, Smith GD. Breastfeeding in infancy and blood pressure in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:15-26.

High cholesterol:

Owen CG, Whincup PH, Odoki K, Gilg JA, Cook DG. Infant feeding and blood cholesterol: a study in adolescents and a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2002;110:597– 608.

Cancer:

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007;153:1-186.

Kwan ML, Buffler PA, Abrams B, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis. Public Health Rep. 2004;119: 521-535.

Diabetes:

Gerstein HC. Cow’s milk exposure and type 1 diabetes mellitus. A critical overview of the clinical literature. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:13–19

Kostraba JN, Cruickshanks KJ, Lawler-Heavner J, et al. Early exposure to cow’s milk and solid foods in infancy, genetic predisposition, and the risk of IDDM. Diabetes. 1993;42:288 –295

Pettit DJ, Forman MR, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Bennett PH. Breast-feeding and the incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Lancet. 1997;350:166 –168

Perez-Bravo E, Carrasco E, Guitierrez-Lopez MD, Martinez MT, Lopez G, de los Rios MG. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors leading to the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Chilean children. J Mol Med. 1996;74:105–109.

Obesity:

Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 75:993–999   

Armstrong J, Reilly JJ, Child Health Information Team. Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity. Lancet. 2002;359:2003–2004

Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B. Breast-fed infants are leaner than formula-fed infants at 1 year of age: the DARLING study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57:140 –145

Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, Von Kries R. Breast-feeding and childhood obesity—a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:1247–1256

Grummer-Strawn LM, Mei Z. Does breastfeeding protect against pediatric overweight? Analysis of longitudinal data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System. Pediatrics. 2004;113(2). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/113/2/e81

Stettler N, Zemel BS, Kumanyika S, Stallings VA. Infant weight gain and childhood overweight status in a multicenter, cohort study. Pediatrics. 2002;109:194 –199

Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo CA, et al. Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA. 2001;285: 2461–2467

Toschke AM, Vignerova J, Lhotska L, Osancova K, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Overweight and obesity in 6- to 14-year old Czech children in 1991: protective effect of breast-feeding. J Pediatr. 2002; 141: 764 –769

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity. Pediatrics. 2003;112:424 – 430

Depression:

Oddy, W. H., Kendall, G. E., Li, J., Jacoby, P., Robinson, M., de Klerk, N. H., et al. (2010). The long-term effects of breastfeeding on child and adolescent mental health: A pregnancy cohort study followed for 14 years. The Journal of Pediatrics, 156(4), 568-574.

Allergies:

Stuebe, A. (2009). The Risks of Not Breastfeeding for Mothers and Infants. Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2(4), 222-231.

Picky eating:

Galloway, A.T., Lee, Y., & Birch, L.L. (2003). Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls.  J Am Diet Assoc, 103(6), 692-8.

Cathey, M. & Gaylord, N. (2004). Picky eating: A toddler’s approach to mealtime. Pediatric Nursing, 30(2), 101-9.

SLIDE 16

Formula fed babies sleep longer and deeper:

Butte, N.F., Jensen, C.L., Moon, J.K., Glaze, D.G., & Frost, J.D. (1992). Sleep organization and energy expenditure of breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Pediatric Research, 32(5), 514-9.

Quillin, S. (1997). Infant and mother sleep patterns during 4th postpartum week. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs, 20(2), 115-23.

Kahn, A., Groswasser, J., Franco, P., Scaillet, S., Sawaguchi, T., Kelmanson, I., de Broca, A., Dan, B., & Servais, L. (2000). Factors influencing the determination of arousal thresholds in infants- A review. Sleep Medicine, 1(4), 273-8.

Sleeping longer and deeper is not healthy for the metabolism of the baby:

Lehtonen, J., Kononen, M., Purhonen, M., Partanen, J., Saarikoski, S., & Launiala, K. (1998). The effect of nursing on the brain activity of the newborn.  The Journal of Pediatrics, 132(4), 646-51.

Can lead to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome:

Mosko, S., Richard, C., McKenna, J., & Drummond, S. (1997). Infant arousals during mother-infant bed sharing: implications for infant sleep and sudden infant death syndrome research. Pediatrics, 100, 841-9.

McKenna, J.J. & McDade, T. (2005). Why babies should never sleep alone: A review of the co-sleeping controversy in relation to SIDS, bedsharing and breast feeding. Paediatr Respir Rev, 6(2), 134-52.

Fewer feedings can lead to malnutrition:

Dettwyler, K.A. & Fishman, C. (1992). Infant feeding practices and growth. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21, 171-204.

Image courtesy of flickr user Debby A

SLIDE 17

Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, et al. Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome. BMJ. 1999;319:1457–1462

Keefe MR. The impact of infant rooming-in on maternal sleep at night. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1988;17:122-126.

Ball, H.L. (2003). Breastfeeding, bed-sharing, and infant sleep. Birth, 30(3), 181-8.

Doan, T., Gardiner, A., Gay, C.L., & Lee, K.A. (2007). Breast-feeding increases sleep duration of new parents.  J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 21(3), 200-6.

Image courtesy of flickr user fortinbras

SLIDE 18

Breast and ovarian cancer:

Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Longnecker MP, et al. Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330: 81– 87

Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet. 2002;360:187–195

Lee SY, Kim MT, Kim SW, Song MS, Yoon SJ. Effect of lifetime lactation on breast cancer risk: a Korean women’s cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2003;105:390-393

Tryggvadottir L, Tulinius H, Eyfjord JE, Sigurvinsson T. Breastfeeding and reduced risk of breast cancer in an Icelandic cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154:37– 42

Enger SM, Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Bernstein L. Breastfeeding experience and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7:365–369

Jernstrom H, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, et al. Breast-feeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:1094 –1098

Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB. Lactation and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22:192–197.

Diabetes:

Labbok MH. Effects of breastfeeding on the mother. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:143–158.

Stuebe, A.M., Rich-Edwards, J.W., Willet, W.C., Manson, J.E., & Michels, K.B. (2005). Duration of lactation and incidence of Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA, 294(20), 2601-10.

Weight loss:

Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA. Maternal weight-loss patterns during prolonged lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58:162–166.

Harder, T. Bergmann, R., Kallischnigg, G., & Plagemann, A. (2005). Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: A meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol, 397-403.

Depression:

Labbok MH. Effects of breastfeeding on the mother. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:143–158.

Coles, J. (2009). Qualitative study of breastfeeding after childhood sexual assault. J Hum Lact, 25(3), 317-24.

Mezzacappa, E.S. (2004). Breastfeeding and maternal stress response and health. Nutr Rev, 62(7 pt. 1), 261-8.

Mezzacappa, E.S. & Katlin, E.S. (2002). Breast-feeding is associated with reduced perceived stress and negative mood in mothers. Br J Rheumatol, 34(6), 542-6.

Child bonding:

Labbok MH. Effects of breastfeeding on the mother. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:143–158.

SLIDE 19

Smokes:

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001;108: 776 –7891989:13–18.

Depressed:

Coles, J. (2009). Qualitative study of breastfeeding after childhood sexual assault. J Hum Lact, 25(3), 317-24.

Kendall-Tackett, K. (2005). Depression in New Mothers: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Alternatives. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press.

Medication:

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. (2001). The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics, 108(3), 776-89.

Hale, T.W. (2008). Medications and Mothers’ Milk, 13th edition. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing.

Birth control:

Adams, D.M. (2000). Breastfeeding and oral contraceptives: Exploring opinions and options. AWHONN Lifelines, 4(3), 45-7.

Cosmetic breast surgery:

Chiummariello, S., Cigna, E., Buccheri, E.M., Desy, L.A., Alfano, C., & Scuderi, N. (2008). Breastfeeding after reduction mammaplasty using different techniques. Aesth Plast Surg, 32(2), 294-7.

Michalopoulos, K. (2007). The effects of breast augmentation surgery on future ability to lactate. Breast J, 13(1), 62-7.

Widdice, L. (1993). The effects of breast reduction and breast augmentation on lactation: An annotated bibliography. J Hum Lact, 9(3), 161-7.

SLIDE 20

Schanler RJ. The use of human milk for premature infants. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:207–219

Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ. Randomised trial of early diet in preterm babies and later intelligence quotient. BMJ. 1998;317:1481–1487

Horwood LJ, Darlow BA, Mogridge N. Breast milk feeding and cognitive ability at 7– 8 years. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001;84: F23–F27

Amin SB, Merle KS, Orlando MS, Dalzell LE, Guillet R. Brainstem maturation in premature infants as a function of enteral feeding type. Pediatrics. 2000;106:318–322

Hylander MA, Strobino DM, Dhanireddy R. Human milk feedings and infection among very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1998;102(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/3/e38

Hylander MA, Strobino DM, Pezzullo JC, Dhanireddy R. Association of human milk feedings with a reduction in retinopathy of prematurity among very low birthweight infants. J Perinatol. 2001; 21:356 –362

Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 75:993–999

Schanler RJ, Shulman RJ, Lau C. Feeding strategies for premature infants: beneficial outcomes of feeding fortified human milk versus preterm formula. Pediatrics. 1999;103:1150 –1157

Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet. 1990;336:1519 –1523.

Blaymore Bier J, Oliver T, Ferguson A, Vohr BR. Human milk reduces outpatient upper respiratory symptoms in premature infants during their first year of life. J Perinatol. 2002;22:354 –359 and asthma in 6 year old children: findings of a prospective birth cohort study. BMJ. 1999;319:815– 819

Image courtesy of flickr user Save the Children

SLIDE 21

Graduate:

Horwood, J. and Fergusson, M. Breastfeeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes. Pediatrics 1998; 101(1) e9

Richards M, Hardy R, Wadsworth ME. Long-term effects of breastfeeding in a national birth cohort: educational attainment and midlife cognitive function. Public Health Nutrition, 2002, 5(5):631-5.

Victora CG et al. Breastfeeding and school achievement in Brazilian adolescents. Acta Paediatrica, 2005, 94(11):1656-60.

The importance of breastfeeding in bonding with child:

Levy, T. and Orlans, M. (2000). “Treating ADHD as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.” Handbook of Attachment Interventions. (pp 27-63). San Diego, CA: Academic Press

The importance of bonding as protective against antisocial behavior:

Shaw, D. and Bell, R. (1993). Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 21(5). 493-518. Doi: 10.1007/BF00916316

Mental health problems:

McCreadie, R. G.  (1997) The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 16. Breast-feeding and schizophrenia: preliminary results and hypotheses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 334-337.

Peet , M., Poole, J. & Laugharne, J. (1997) Infant feeding and the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 24, 255-256.

Bonding:

Labbok MH. Effects of breastfeeding on the mother. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:143–158

Images courtesy of Microsoft clipart

SLIDE 22

Intelligence:

Hoefer C, Hardy M. Later development of breast fed and artificially fed infants. JAMA 1929;92:615-9.

Pollock JI. Long-term associations with infant feeding in a clinically advantaged population of babies. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:429-40.

Mortensen, E., Michaelsen, K., Sanders, S., Reinisch, J. (2002). The Association Between Duration of Breastfeeding and Adult Intelligence. JAMA. 287(18):2365-2371. doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2365

Bauer, G., Ewald, S., Hoffman, J., & Dubanoski, R. (1991). Breastfeeding and cognitive development of three year old children. Psychol Rep, 68(3 pt. 2), 1218.

Taylor, B. & Wadsworth, J. (1984). Breastfeeding and child development at five years of age. Dev Med Child Neurol, 26, 73-80.

Be an addict:

Alati, R., Van Dooren, K., Najman, J.M., Williams, G.M., & Clavarino, A. (2009). Early weaning and alcohol disorders in offspring: Biological effect, mediating factors or residual confounding? Addiction, 104, 1324–1332.

Emotionally secure:

Oddy, W. H., Kendall, G. E., Li, J., Jacoby, P., Robinson, M., de Klerk, N. H., et al. (2010). The long-term effects of breastfeeding on child and adolescent mental health: A pregnancy cohort study followed for 14 years. The Journal of Pediatrics, 156(4), 568-574.

 Images courtesy of Microsoft clipart

SLIDE 25

Formula feeding is expensive:

Jarosz, L.A. (1993). Breast-feeding versus formula: Cost comparison. Hawaii Medical Journal, 52(1), 14-18.

Kawasaki, M.P. (2005). Mothering with Breastfeeding and Maternal Care (pp. 45). Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc.

Images:

Formula image courtesy of flickr user Preston Smalley

Cleaning image courtesy of flickr user Relly Annett-Baker

Bottles, time and money images from Microsoft clip art

SLIDE 26

Indiana Meijer store prices

Gerber Good Start Protect Infant Formula: 5 feedings a day with 6 oz bottles

Munchkin Steam Guard Sanitizer

Munchkin Bottle Warmer

1 Playtex 6 oz bottle

SLIDE 27

Stuebe, A. (2009). The Risks of Not Breastfeeding for Mothers and Infants. Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2(4), 222-231.

Moore ER, Anderson GC, Bergman N. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD003519.

Image courtesy of flickr user MuddyBootsPhoto 

SLIDE 28

Sterility:

Baker, R. D. (2002). Infant Formula Safety. Pediatrics, 110(4), 833-835. doi: 10.1542/peds.110.4.833

Quality:

Stueve, A.M. & Schwarz, E.B. (2010). The risks and benefits of infant feeding practices for women and their children. J Perinatology, 30(3), 155-62.

Ip, S., Chung, M., Raman, G., Magula, N., DeVine, D., Trikalinos, T., & Lau, J. (2007). Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries.  Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep.), 153, 1-186.

Digestibility:

Lonnerdal, B. (2003). Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. Am J Clin Nutr, 77(suppl), 1537S-1543S.

Naturalness:

Gartner, L.M., Morton, J., Lawrence, R.A., Naylor, A.J., O’Hare, D., Schanler, & R.J., Eldelman, A.I.; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. (2005). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 115(2), 496-506.

Ip, S., Chung, M., Raman, G., Magula, N., DeVine, D., Trikalinos, T., & Lau, J. (2007). Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries.  Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep.), 153, 1-186.

Affordability:

Jarosz, L.A. (1993). Breast-feeding versus formula: Cost comparison. Hawaii Medical Journal, 52(1), 14-18.

SLIDE 29

Responsiveness:

Gunnar, M.R. & Donzella, B. (2002). Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27(1-2), 199-220.

Bugental, D.B., Martorell, G.A., & Barraza, V. (2003). The hormonal costs of subtle forms of infant maltreatment. Hormones and Behavior, 43(1), 237-44.

Graham, Y.P., Heim, C., Goodman, S.H., Miller, A.H., & Nemeroff, C.B. (1999). The effects of neonatal stress on brain development: Implications for psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11(3), 545-65.

Touch:

Browne, J.V. (2004). Early relationship environments: Physiology of skin-to-skin contact for parents and their preterm infants. Clin Perinatol, 31, 287-98.

Play:

Ginsburg, K R (Jan 2007). The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds. Pediatrics, 119, 1. p.182(10). 

Multiple caregivers:

Mason, K. O., & Kuhlthau, K. (1989). Determinants of child care ideals among mothers of preschool-aged children. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 51(3), 593-603

Images:

Responsiveness: Photo courtesy of flickr user Neal Gillis (some rights reserved)

Touch: Photo courtesy of flickr user blinzelblinzel (some rights reserved)

Play: Photo courtesy of flickr user AiyaHMPH (some rights reserved)

Multiple caregivers: Photo courtesy of Microsoft Clip Art

SLIDE 30

Photo courtesy of flickr user Aurimas Mikalauskas

SLIDE 31

Images:

Top Left: Photo courtesy of flickr user Pink Sherbet Photography (photographer: D Sharon Pruitt) (some rights reserved)

Bottom Left: Photo courtesy of flickr user stev.ie (some rights reserved)

Middle: Photo courtesy of flickr user Creativity+ Timothy K Hamilton (some rights reserved)

Top Right: Photo courtesy of flickr user Jagadeesh SJ (some rights reserved)

Bottom Right: Photo courtesy of flickr user shino 誌野 (some rights reserved)