45. Rules Concerning the Truth or Falsity of Subaltern Propositions. -- The particular propositions I, O, are subordinate to universals A, E, respectively.

The truth of universal propositions implies that of their subalterns but the truth of subalterns does not carry with it that of their universals.

The falsity of particulars implies the falsity of universals; but the falsity of universals does not carry with it the falsity of particulars.^{1}

{1} With regard to modal propositions. the contradiction between affirmation and negation does not fall upon the attribute of the proposition, but upon the verb. The most ordinary cases of opposition between modal propositions are set forth in the following scheme:

<< ======= >>