Joseph W. Haller: Notes

2. The Vatican Council and its Definitions, Cardinal Henry Edward Manning, P.J. Denedy & Sons, p. 218. "If any one shall say that the One true God, our Creator and Lord, cannot be certainly known by the natural light of human reason through created things; let him be anathema."

3. V. E. Smith, "The Prime Mover: Physical and Metaphysical Considerations", Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1954, pp. 78 - 94 ; J. Owens, "The Conclusion of the Prima Via", Modern Schoolman, vol. 30, pp 33-53, 1953 ; J. F. X. Knasas, "Ad Mentem Thomae: Does Natural Philosphy Prove God?", Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1987, pp. 209 - 220 ; M. F. Johnson, "Immateriality and the Domain of Thomistic Natural Philosophy", Modern Schoolman, vol. 67, 1990, pp. 285 - 304.

4. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Pt I, Q. 2, Art. 3 ; Summa Contra Gentiles, Bk. 1, Q. 13.

5. D. Halliday and R. Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1981, p. 1.

6. H. D. Young and R. A. Freedman, University Physics, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1996, p. 1.

7. V.E. Smith, The General Science of Nature, Bruce Publishing Co., 1958, p. 29.

8. C. Lanczos, The Variational Principles of Mechanics, Fourth Edition, Dover, 1970, pp. 401-405.

9. L. H. Ryder, Quantum Field Theory, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985, pp. 93-100.

10. Aristotle, Physics, Bk. III, Ch. 1, "The fullfillment of what exists potentially, in so far as it exists potentially, is motion…", translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye.

11. W. A. Wallace, "Newtonian Antinomies Against the Prima Via," Thomist 19 (1956) 151-192.

12. A. Moreno, "The Law of Inertia and the Principle Quidquid Movetur Ab Alio Movetur", Thomist 38 (1974) 306-331

13. V.E. Smith, The General Science of Nature, Bruce Publishing Co., 1958, pp. 371-373.

14. W.A. Wallace, "The Cosmological Argument: A Reappraisal," Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 46 (1972), 43-57

15. St. Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics, trans. By R.J. Blackwell, R. J. Spath, and W. E. Thirlkel, Yale University Press, 1963, Bk. VII, Lect. 1, p. 425. "…a thing’s moving of itself is nothing other than its being the cause of its own motion. That which is itself the cause of something must primarily agree with it. For that which is first in any genus is the cause of the things that come afterward. Thus fire, which is the cause of heat itself and for others, is the first hot thing. However, Aristotle has shown in Book VI that there is no first in motion or in time or in magnitude or in the mobile object because of its divisibility. Therefore, there cannot be discovered a first whose motion does not depend on something prior. For the motion of a whole depends on the motion of its parts and is divided into them, as was proven in Book VI. Therefore, Aristotle thus shows the reason why no mobile being moves itself. For there cannot be a first mobile object whose motion does not depend on its parts; just as if I were to show that a divisible thing cannot be the first being because the being of whatever is divisible depends on its parts. And thus this condition is true: ‘if a part is not moved, the whole is not moved’, just as this condition is true: ‘if the part is not, the whole is not’."

16. J. Weisheipl, The Celestial Movers in Medieval Physics, Thomist 23 (1960),

17. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Pt I, Q. 105, Art. 2

18. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Pt I, Q. 110, Art. 3

19. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Pt I, Q. 115, Art. 3

20. O. Blanchette, The Perfection of the Universe According to Aquinas, Penn State Press, 1992, p. 207.V

21. Aristotle, De Caelo, Bk. I.

22. B. Ashley, Aristotle's Sluggish Earth, Part I: Problematics of the De Caelo, New Scholasticism, vol. 32, 1958, pp. 1-31.

23. M. Glutz, The Manner of Demonstrating in Natural Philosophy, Ph. D. Dissertation, River Forest, 1956, p. 98; W. A. Wallace, "Demonstrating in the Science of Nature", essay VII in "From a Realist Point of View", University Press of America, 1983, p. 115.

24. A. B. Arons, Teaching Introductory Physics, Wiley, 1997, p. 146.

25. F. Halzen and A. D. Martin, Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics, Wiley, 1984, pp. 331ff.

26. F. Halzen and A. D. Martin, Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics, Wiley, 1984, p. 8

27. C. W. Misner, K. Thorne, and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation, Freeman, 1973, pp. 543 - 549.

28. I. Ciufolini and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation and Inertia, Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 4 - 5.

29. E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe, Addison-Wesley, 1990, pp. 261ff.

30. I. Ciufolini and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation and Inertia, Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 273.

31. S. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, 1972, p. 87.