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For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. ***********************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 0, 0]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 0, 0]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 0, 0]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Qualitative Behavior of Non-Linear Systems: Limit Cycles.", "Subsection", FontFamily->"Helvetica", FontSize->24], Cell[BoxData[ \(Needs["\"]\)], "Input", FontSize->24], Cell[TextData[{ "We again consider a non-linear autonomous 2 x 2 system of ODE's.\n \ x' = f(x,y)\n y' = g(x,y)\nwhere for simplicity we assume that all \ partial derivatives of f and g with respect to x and y exist and are \ continuous. The Poincare-Bendixson Theorem asserts that any solution (x(t), \ y(t)) of such a system exhibits one of three behaviors as t goes to infinity. \ The first possibility is divergence--i.e. (x,y) goes to infinity as t \ increases. The second possibility is convergence to\na critical point--i.e. \ \n\n ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TextForm \`\(lim\+\(t\[LongRightArrow]\[Infinity]\)\) \((x \((t)\), y \((t)\))\)\ = \ \((x\_0, y\_0)\)\)]], ",\n \nwhere (", Cell[BoxData[ \(TextForm\`\(\(x\_0, y\_0)\)\ \)\)]], "is a constant solution of the system. The last possibility,\nand the one \ we will illustrate here, is that of convergence to a so-called\nlimit cycle. \ That is, it can happen for some systems and some intial conditions that ( \ x(t), y(t) ) is asymptotically periodic. A simple example of such behavior \ is exhibited by solutions of the linear system \n\n x'(t) = y(t)\n\ y'(t) = -x(t).\n \nThe general solution is \n\n \ ( x(t), y(t) ) = ( r cos (t+", Cell[BoxData[ \(TextForm\`\(\(\(t\_0)\), \ r\ sin \((t + t\_0)\)\ )\), \)\)]], "\n \nwhere ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TextForm \`\(t\_0\) and\ r\ are\ constants . \ \ One\ can\ easily\ see\ that\ when\ r\ is\)]], " not zero that\nall solution curves are circles, and (x(t), y(t) ) moves \ around one of these\ncircles at a constant rate. In this case, non-zero \ solutions are not just asymptotically periodic; they are simply periodic... \ period.\n\nA more complicated example of a limit cycle is provided by \ changing the previous example slightly so that it becomes non-linear. That \ is, we take the right side of the system" }], "Text", FontSize->24], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[{ \(f[x_, y_]\ = \ y\), \(g[x_, y_]\ = \ \(-x\)\ + \ .2 \((1 - x^2)\) y\)}], "Input", FontSize->24], Cell[BoxData[ \(y\)], "Output"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(-x\), "+", RowBox[{ StyleBox["0.2`", StyleBoxAutoDelete->True, PrintPrecision->1], " ", \((1 - x\^2)\), " ", "y"}]}]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ for some small but non-zero number a. Note that (0,0) is still a \ critical point of this system. 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