Structural formulas of some C18 fatty acids

12/8/04

The fluorescence photobleaching recovery technique. (a) An intense laser light pulse bleaches the fluorescent markers. (b) The fluorescence of the bleached area recovers due to lateral motion.

The fluorescence photobleaching recovery technique: the fluorescence recovery rate depends on the diffusion rate of the labeled molecule (1 mm/sec for a bacterial cell)

Release of arachidonic acid by phospholipid hydrolysis: the sites of hydrolytic cleavage mediated by phospholipases A2 and C

Release of arachidonic acid by phospholipid hydrolysis: pathways of arachidonic acid liberation from phospholipids

The cyclic pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism

Reactions catalyzed by PGH synthase (PGHS or COX)

Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); at least four different mechanisms of action

Inactivation of PGH synthase by aspirin

COX-2 inhibitors

Snapshot of a molecular dynamics simulation of a lipid bilayer consisting of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine surrounded by water

Structure of a lipid bilayer composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as the temperature is lowered below the bilayer’s transition temperature

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Lipid compositions of some biological membranesa

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Compositions of some biological membranes

Model of an integral (intrinsic) membrane protein

Some detergents used in biochemical manipulations

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Schematic diagram of a plasma membrane (asymmetric)

The amino acid sequence and membrane location of human erythrocyte glycophorin A (60% carbohydrate by weight)

A plot of the calculated free energy change in transferring 20-residue-long a helical segments from the interior of a membrane to water vs the position of the segment’s first residue (for glycophorin A)

Liver cytochrome b5 in association with a membrane

Structure of the integral protein, bacteriorhodopsin (BR): the electron crystallography–based structure

Molecular formula of retinal, the prosthetic group of bacteriorhodopsin

Structure of bacteriorhodopsin: the X-ray structure of a bacteriorhodopsin trimer

X-ray structure of the photosynthetic reaction center of Rps. viridis: a ribbon diagram

X-ray structure of the photosynthetic reaction center of Rps. Viridis: space-filling model

X-ray crystal structure of the E. coli OmpF porin: a ribbon diagram of the monomer

X-ray crystal structure of the E. coli OmpF porin: the Ca backbone of the trimer showing 3-fold axis of symmetry

X-ray crystal structure of the E. coli OmpF porin: a space-filling model of the trimer (view perpendicular to the 3-fold symmetry axis)

X-ray structure of sheep cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) showing its proposed disposition in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Prenylated proteins. (a) A farnesylated protein and (b) a geranylgeranylated protein

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Core structure of the GPI anchor

Sendai virus–induced fusion of a mouse cell with a human cell and the subsequent intermingling of their cell-surface components

The freeze-fracture technique

The freeze-etch procedure

Freeze-etch electron micrograph of a human erythrocyte plasma membrane; note that the inner surface is studded with globular proteins

Asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the human erythrocyte membrane

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SDS–PAGE electrophoretogram of human erythrocyte membrane proteins as stained by Coomassie brilliant blue

The human erythrocyte cytoskeleton: structure of an ab dimer of spectrin

The human erythrocyte cytoskeleton: X-ray structure of two consecutive repeats of chicken brain a-spectrin

Model of the human erythrocyte cytoskeleton

The human erythrocyte cytoskeleton: electron micrograph of an erythrocyte cytoskeleton (stretched to area 9-10 x greater than that of native membrane)

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The erythrocyte glycocalyx as revealed by electron microscopy using special staining techniques

Structures of the A, B, and H antigenic determinants; appended to erythrocyte plasma membrane glycosphingolipids

Model of a gap junction

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X-ray structure of a-hemolysin: viewed along the heptameric transmembrane pore’s 7-fold axis

X-ray structure of a-hemolysin: viewed perpendicular to the heptameric transmembrane pore’s 7-fold axis

X-ray structure of a-hemolysin: the monomer unit with its three domains drawn in different colors

Reaction of TNBS with PE

Location of lipid synthesis in a bacterial membrane

The ribosomal synthesis, membrane insertion, and initial glycosylation of an integral protein via the secretory pathway

N-Terminal sequences of some eukaryotic secretory pre-proteins

Sequences and predicted secondary structures of the SRP RNA from (a) humans and (b) E. coli

X-ray structure of T. aquaticus Ffh

X-ray structure the SRP core from E. coli: the RNA is represented in ladder form (purple), invariant bases (yellow), and highly conserved bases (green)

X-ray structure the SRP core from E. coli: the molecular surface of the complex

The structure of yeast Sec61 in its complex at 15 Å resolution: view with the Sec61 oligomer

The structure of yeast Sec61 in its complex at 15 Å resolution: view as in Part a but cut away along a plane

Post-translational processing of proteins

Electron micrographs of coated vesicles: clathrin-coated vesicles

Electron micrographs of coated vesicles: COPI-coated vesicles

Electron micrographs of coated vesicles: COPII-coated vesicles

The fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane preserves the orientation of the integral proteins embedded in the vesicle bilayer.

Electron micrograph of triskelions

Anatomy of a clathrin-coated vesicle: a cryoelectron microscopy–based image of a clathrin cage at 21 Å resolution

Anatomy of a clathrin-coated vesicle: schematic diagram of a triskelion indicating its structural subdivisions

Structure of the clathrin heavy chain: the X-ray structure of the N-terminal domain and part of the linker of rat HC

Structure of the clathrin heavy chain: the b propeller as viewed from the top along its pseudo-seven-fold axis

Structure of the clathrin heavy chain: the X-ray structure of bovine clathrin HC residues 1210 to 1516

Structure of the clathrin heavy chain: schematic diagram of a single clathrin heavy chain

Formation of clathrin-coated vesicles

X-ray structure of ARF1 GDP

X-ray structure of ARF1 GDPNP

Schematic diagram of the AP2 heterotetramer

Electron micrograph of a budding coated vesicle

Transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft: electron micrograph of a frog neuromuscular junction. Arrows show exocytosis.

Transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft: released neurotransmitter rapidly diffuses to the postsynaptic membrane

X-ray structure of the syntaxin–synaptobrevin SNAP-25 core complex: ribbon diagram

X-ray structure of the syntaxin–synaptobrevin SNAP-25 core complex: model of the synaptic fusion complex linking two membranes (gray)

Model of clostridial neurotoxins and their activation by host proteases

Model for the fusion of yeast vacuoles

X-ray structure of the complex between nSec1 and syntaxin: ribbon diagram of syntaxin

X-ray structure of the complex between nSec1 and syntaxin: ribbon diagram of nSec1 with its three domains differently colored

X-ray structure of the complex between nSec1 and syntaxin: the nSec1–syntaxin complex colored and rotated 90° about the vertical axis relative to (b)

X-ray structure of the NSF D2 hexamer as viewed from its N-terminal end along its 6-fold axis

Quick-freeze/deep-etch electron micrographs of NSF hexamers

Schematic diagram of the mitochondrial protein import machinery

NMR structure of the cytoplasmic domain of rat Tom20 in complex with the C-terminal 11-residue segment (GPRLSRLLSYA)

Electron microscopy–based image of the TOM core complex particles from Neurospora

LDL, the major cholesterol carrier of the bloodstream

A helical wheel projection of the amphipathic a helix constituting residues 148 to 164 of apolipoprotein A-I

X-ray structure of human apo D(1–43)A-I: view along the 2-fold axis

X-ray structure of human apo D(1–43)A-I: view from the top of Part a along the 2-fold axis

Model for plasma triacylglycerol and cholesterol transport in humans

Reaction catalyzed by lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

X-ray structure of ligand binding repeat 5 (LR5) of the human LDL receptor

Freeze-etch electron micrograph of coated pits on the inner surface of a cultured fibroblast’s plasma membrane

Electron micrographs showing the endocytosis of LDL by cultured human fibroblasts: LDL bound to a coated pit on the cell surface

Electron micrographs showing the endocytosis of LDL by cultured human fibroblasts: the coated pit invaginates and pinches off from the cell membrane

Sequence of events in the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL

Ribbon diagram of the receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E

Characteristics of the major classes of lipoproteins in human plasma

Properties of the major species of human apolipoproteins

X-ray structure of the transcriptional regulator IkBa

Author: Anthony S. Serianni

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Structural formulas of some C18 fatty acids

12/8/04

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