INDEX

Numbers printed in black indicate the important places in which authors or subjects are treated; n. stands for footnote. Mediaeval writers are indexed under their christian names. [When a new chapter begins in the middle of a page, the links below always lead to the new chapter; if you fail to find what you need there, use the controls (<<) at the bottom of the chapter to check for text from the same page at the end of the previous chapter.]

A

• Abelard, 272, 280, 285 ff., 319.
  
• Absolutism, political, of Hobbes, 444; of Plato, 116.
  
• Abubacer, 312.
  
• Academies, Platonic, 121 ff., 185.
  
• Accadian traditions, 8.
  
• Achard of St. Victor, 305.
  
• Achillini, 427.
  
• Adelard of Bath, 283 ff., 320.
  
• AEgidius, see Giles.
  
• AEnesidemus, 184, 185 ff.
  
• AEsthetics, Aristotle's, 156; Hegel's, 580; Kant's, 544 ff.; Plato's, 118.
  
• Agnosticism, 73, 350, 601, 620, 622.
  
• Agrippa, 186.
  
• d'Ailly, see Peter d'Ailly.
  
• Air currents, Stoic doctrine of, 167.
  
• Alanus ab Insulis, 301, 302.
  
• Albert the Great, 308, 324, 330 ff., 344, 345, 392.
  
• Albert of Saxony, 409.
  
• Alcuin, 241, 244.
  
• Alemanni, 638.
  
• d'Alembert, 503.
  
• Alexander of Alessandria, 392.
  
• Alexander of Aphrodisias, 159, 188.
  
• Alexander of Hales, 323, 324, 326 ff., 331.
  
• Alexander Neckam, 324.
  
• Alexandrian philosophy, 198 ff.
  
• Alfarabi, 312.
  
• Alfred de Morlay, 320.
  
• Alfred Sereshel, 324.
  
• Algazel, 312.
  
• Alkendi, 312.
  
• Aithus, 445.
  
• Amalfinius, 175.
  
• Amalric of Bène, 306, 307.
  
• Amaury, see Amalric.
  
• Ambrose, St., 224.
  
• Ammonius Saccas, 205.
  
• Anaxagoras, 52, 53, 61 ff., 82.
  
• Anaximander, 35, 62.
  
• Anaximenes, 37.
  
• Andronicus of Rhodes, 128, 159, 188.
  
• Angiulli, 633.
  
• Anna Comnena, 310.
  
• Anselm, St., 271, 272 ff., 539.
  
• Antinomies, Kant's, 538; Spencer's 622; Zeno's, 49 ff.
  
• Antiochus of Ascalon, 124, i88.
  
• Antipater, 164.
  
• Antisthenes, 87, 92.
  
• Antonius Andrea, 392.
  
• Apollodorus, 175.
  
• Apollonius of Tyana, 204.
  
• Aquinas, see Thomas of Aquin, St.
  
• Arabian philosophy, 311 ff.
  
• Arcesilaus, 123, 185.
  
• Archelaus, 64.
  
• Archimedes, 189.
  
• Archytas, 39.
  
• Ardigò, 633.
  
• Arete, 89.
  
• Arethas, 310.
  
• Arianism, 222.
  
• Aristarchus, 189.
  
• Aristippus, 89, 92.
  
• Aristippus the Younger, 89.
  
• Aristobulus, 200.
  
• Aristocles, 159.
  
• Aristotle, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42,43,45, 48, 50, 52, 54, 57, 59, 61, 66, 68, 76, 81, 84, 101, 106, 107, 114, 124 ff., 243, 309, 322, 418, 532, 567, 645.
  
• Aristotle and the Christian Church, 320 f.
  
• Aristotle's works, translations of, 320 ff.
  
• Aristoxenus, 159.
  
• Arnauld, 462.
  
• Arnobius, 220.
  
• Arrian, 194.
  
• Asclepiades, 188.
  
• Astronomy, among the Accadians, 8; among the Greeks, 42, 109, 189; mediaeval, 371; modern, 432.
  
• Athanasius, St., 222.
  
• Athenagoras, 220.
  
• Atomists, the, 52, 53, 65 ff.
  
• Augustine, St., 3 n., 102, 224 ff., 278, 281, 450.
  
• Augustinianism in Scholastic philosophy, 278, 325, 329, 386.
  
• Aureolus, see Peter Aureolus.
  
• Auxerre, school of, 261 ff.
  
• Avempace, 312.
  
• Avenarius, 646.
  
• Averroës, 313 ff.
  
• Averroism, 393, 415, 427.
  
• Avicebrol, 315 f., 389.
  
• Avicenna, 312 f.
  
  

• Baader, 560, 639.
  
• Bacon, Francis, 435 ff., 460.
  
• Bacon, Roger, see Roger Bacon.
  
• Bâdarâyana, 19.
  
• Baer, Von, 619.
  
• Baeumker, 646.
  
• Bain, 618.
  
• Baldwin, 650.
  
• Balfour, 648.
  
• Balmes, 641.
  
• Bañez, 424.
  
• Bartholomew the Englishman, 329 n.
  
• Basil, St., 222.
  
• Basilides the Epicurean, 175.
  
• Basilides the Gnostic, 218.
  
• Bastiat, 612.
  
• Bauer, 583.
  
• Bautain, 606.
  
• Bayle, 511.
  
• Beattie, 594.
  
• Beck, 549.
  
• Bede, Venerable, 235, 246.
  
• Beneke, 584.
  
• Bentham, 614, 618, 626.
  
• Berengar, 247, 271.
  
• Berkeley, 446, 495, 513 ff.
  
• Bernard of Chartres, 292 ff.
  
• Bernard of Clairvaux, St., 286, 289, 297, 302, 332.
  
• Bernard of Hotun, 382.
  
• Bernard of Tours, 306.
  
• Bernardus Silvester, see Bernard of Tours.
  
• Bernheim, 647.
  
• Bernier of Nivelles, 393.
  
• Bessarion, 427.
  
• Biel, 409.
  
• Binet, 647.
  
• Biran, see Maine de Biran.
  
• Bodin, 442.
  
• Boethius, 235.
  
• Boetius the Dacian, 393.
  
• Böhme, 414, 439 ff., 556, 559.
  
• Bolinghroke, 495.
  
• de Bonald, 603 f.
  
• Bonaventure, St., 323, 329 ff., 392.
  
• Bonnet, 502.
  
• Bonnetty, 606.
  
• Boole, 648.
  
• Bosanquet, 4 n.
  
• Boscovich, 638.
  
• Bossuet, 462.
  
• Boutroux, 646.
  
• Boyle, 432.
  
• Bradley, 647.
  
• Bradwardine, see Thomas Bradwardine.
  
• Brahe, 432.
  
• Brentano, 646.
  
• de Broglie, 641.
  
• Brown, Thomas, 595 f.
  
• Brownson, 636 f.
  
• Bruno, 429, 430, 467, 556.
  
• Buchner, 644.
  
• Buddhism, 25 f., 590.
  
• Buffon, 619.
  
• Buridan, see John Buridan.
  
• Burleigh, see Walter Burleigh.
  
• Butler, 495, 499.
  
• Byzantine philosophy, 310 f.
  
  

• Cahala, 315, 395.
  
• Cabanis, 503, 588, 602.
  
• Caird, E., 628, 647.
  
• Caird, J., 628, 647.
  
• Cajetan, see Thomas de Vio Cajetan.
  
• Calderwood, 648.
  
• Caldwell, 649.
  
• Calvin, 439.
  
• Campanella, 430 f.
  
• Campbell, 495.
  
• Cano, Melchior, 424.
  
• Capreolus, see John Capreolus.
  
• Caramuel, 638.
  
• Cardano, 428.
  
• Carlyle, 628.
  
• Carmichael, 592.
  
• Carneades, 123, 185.
  
• Carolingian schools, 241 f.
  
• Carpenter, 648.
  
• Carpocrates, 218.
  
• Cartesian school, 462 ff.
  
• Carus, 560.
  
• Cassiodorus, 235.
  
• Categories, Aristotle's, 130; Hegel's, 566 ff.; Kant's, 532 ff.; Mill's, 616, the Stoics', 566 f.
  
• Cause, AEnesidemus' doctrine of, 186; Aristotle's doctrine of, 137 ff.; Hamilton's doctrine of, 600; Hegel's doctrine of, 569; Hume's doctrine of, 521 ff.; Kant's doctrine of, 530; Locke's doctrine of, 490; the Occasionalists' doctrine of, 463 ff.
  
• Celsus the Platonist, 205.
  
• Celsus the Sextian, 193.
  
• Cerinthus, 218.
  
• Chaldaeans, astrology of, 8.
  
• Channing, 635.
  
• Charcot, 647.
  
• Charron, 427.
  
• Chartres, school of, 292 ff.
  
• Chinese philosophy, 12 ff.
  
• Christianity, and philosophy, 215; and
  
• Stoicism, 171, 173 n.; deistic conception of, 494.
  
• Chrysippus, 164.
  
• Chubb, 495.
  
• Church, and philosophy, 215 ff.; attitude of, towards Aristotle, 320 f.; towards scientific discoveries, 433; towards Scholastic revival, 642 f.; towards traditionalism, 606.
  
• Cicero, 35, 67, 79, 90, 97, 190 ff.
  
• Clarke, 495.
  
• Claudianus Mamertus, 235.
  
• Cleanthes, 163.
  
• Clement of Alexandria, 221.
  
• Clement of Ireland, 241.
  
• Clifford, 620.
  
• Coleridge, 628.
  
• Collins, 495.
  
• Common sense, philosophy of, 593 ff.
  
• Communism, 612.
  
• Complutenses, 638 n.
  
• Comte, 608 ff., 621.
  
• Conceptualism, 266, 288, 405.
  
• Condillac, 501.
  
• Confucius, 13.
  
• Conimbricenses, 638 n.
  
• Conscience, Abelard's doctrine of, 291; Butler's doctrine of, 499.
  
• Conservation of energy, 644.
  
• Constantine the African, 295, 320.
  
• Copernicus, 432.
  
• Cornoldi, 642.
  
• Cornutus, 164, 193.
  
• Cortés, 641 f.
  
• Cosmological argument, Kant's criticism of, 539.
  
• Cousin, 607 f., 646.
  
• Crantor, 123.
  
• Crates, 87, 123.
  
• Cratylus, 70.
  
• Criticism, transcendental, 529 f.; rôle of, in philosophy, 548.
  
• Cudworth, 496.
  
• Cusa, see Nikolaus of Cusa.
  
• Cuvier, 619.
  
• Cynics, 87 ff., 92.
  
• Cyrenaics, 89 ff., 92.
  
• Cyril of Alexandria, 223.
  
  

• Damascius, 211.
  
• Dante, 383, 384, 441.
  
• Darwin, Charles, 619 ff.
  
• Darwin, Erasmus, 595, 614.
  
• David the Armenian, 311.
  
• David of Dinant, 307 ff.
  
• Deism, 494.
  
• Delboeuf, 647.
  
• De Mandato, 643.
  
• De Maria, 643.
  
• Demetrius, 188.
  
• Demetrius of Phalerus, 159.
  
• Democritus, 52, 65, 178.
  
• Demonax, 188.
  
• Denis the Carthusian, 413.
  
• Descartes, 446, ff., 467, 526, 537, 539, 606, 652.
  
• Determinism, psychological, 171, 430, 481; theological, 416.
  
• Dewey, 650.
  
• Dialectic, Aristotle's, 130; Hegel's, 564; Kant's, 536; Plato's, 98; the Sophists', 71 ff.; Zeno's, 49.
  
• Diderot, 503.
  
• Diogenes of Apollonia, 64.
  
• Diogenes Laertius, 53 n., 91.
  
• Diogenes of Seleucia, 164.
  
• Diogenes of Sinope, 87.
  
• Dionysius the Areopagite, 223.
  
• Dionysius the Epicurean, 175.
  
• Dominic of Flanders, 409.
  
• Dominic de Soto, 424.
  
• Dominican school, 323, 343.
  
• Dominicus Gundisalvi, 320.
  
• Düring, 646.
  
• Dühring, 645.
  
• Dungal, 242.
  
• Duns Scotus, see John Duns Scotus.
  
• Durandus, see William Durandus.
  
• Dwight, 635.
  
  

• Eberhard, 548.
  
• Eckhart, 413, 414.
  
• Eclecticism, French, 607; Greek, 187 ff.; mediaeval, 299 ff.; Roman, 189 ff.
  
• Edwards, Jonathan, 634.
  
• Egypt, ancient religion of, 9.
  
• Egyptian doctrine of immortality, 10.
  
• Elean school, 86.
  
• Eleatic school, 44 ff., 99, 102, 103, 584.
  
• Elements, doctrine of, Aristotle's, 145; Empedocles', 59.
  
• Emanation, doctrine of, Erigena's, 252 f.; Neo-Platonic, 206, 210.
  
• Emerson, 635.
  
• Emotions, concept of, Descartes', 458; Spinoza's, 479; the Stoics', 172; St Thomas', 367.
  
• Empedocles, 58, 62, 64, 109.
  
• Empiricism, 486 ff., 5oo ff., 630.
  
• Empirio-criticism, 646.
  
• Encyclopaedists, 503.
  
• Enfantin, 612.
  
• Enlightenment, English, 494; French, 500 ff.; German, 524 f.
  
• Epictetus, 164, 194.
  
• Epicurean school, 175 ff.
  
• Epicurus, 175.
  
• Epistemology, Aristotle's, 132 ff.; St. Augustine's, 226 ff.; Descartes', 454 f.; Kant's, 540; Leibniz', 510 f.; Plato's, 98 ff.; Socrates', 81; Spencer's, 626; St. Thomas', 354 ff.
  
• Erasmus, 438.
  
• Erdmann, J. E., 583, 646.
  
• Eretrian school, 87.
  
• Eric of Auxerre, 242, 261 ff.
  
• Erigena, see John Scotus Erigena.
  
• Euclid the geometrician, 189.
  
• Euclid of Megara, 85.
  
• Eudaemonism, in Greek philosophy, 83; opposed by Kant, 542.
  
• Eudemus of Rhodes, 58.
  
• Eudorus, 188, 205.
  
• Evolution, 618 ff.
  
• Experiment, Bacon insists on, 437.
  
  

• Fabianus, 193.
  
• Faith and reason, Abelard's reconciliation of, 289; St. Anselm's, 273; Erigena's, 247 f.; St. Thomas', 348 ff.
  
• Falckenberg, 646.
  
• Farges, 644.
  
• Fechner, 646.
  
• Fénelon, 462.
  
• Ferrari, 633.
  
• Ferrariensis, see Francis a Sylvestris.
  
• Ferri, 633.
  
• Ferrier, 601.
  
• Feuerbach, 583.
  
• Fichte, 550 ff., 562.
  
• Ficino, 427.
  
• Figulus, 204.
  
• Fischer, Karl, 646.
  
• Fischer, Kuno, 646.
  
• Fiske, 637.
  
• Florus, 247.
  
• Fludd, 427.
  
• Form, Aristotle's doctrine of, 138 f.
  
• Forms, a priori, Kant's doctrine of, 532 ff.
  
• Fortlage, 584.
  
• Fouillée, 646.
  
• Fourier, 647.
  
• Fowler, 648.
  
• Franchi, Ausonio, 633.
  
• Francis of Mayron, 392.
  
• Francis a Sylvestris, 424.
  
• Franciscan school, 323, 326.
  
• Franck, 414, 439.
  
• Franklin, Benjamin, 635.
  
• Fraser, 648.
  
• Frassen, 638.
  
• Fredegis, 244.
  
• Freethinkers, 494 ff.
  
• Fries, 583 f.
  
• Frohschammer, 639.
  
• Fulbert of Chartres, 271.
  
  

• Galen, 159, 188.
  
• Galileo, 432.
  
• Galuppi, 630.
  
• Gassendi, 427, 450.
  
• Gaunilo, 275.
  
• Gentili, 445.
  
• George Pachymeres, 310.
  
• George of Trebizond, 427.
  
• Gerard of Abbeville, 382.
  
• Gerard of Bologna, 392.
  
• Gerard of Cremona, 299 n., 320.
  
• Gerbert, 257 ff.
  
• Gerbet, 606.
  
• Gerdil, 638.
  
• Gerson, 307, 412.
  
• Geulincx, 463 f.
  
• Gilbert de la Porrée, 296 ff.
  
• Giles of Rome, 382.
  
• Gioberti, 633.
  
• Gioja, 630.
  
• Gnostics, 218 f.
  
• Godfrey of Fontaines, 382.
  
• Godfrey of St. Victor, 305.
  
• Görres, 640.
  
• Göschel, 583.
  
• Good, idea of, identified with God, 105, 115.
  
• Gotama, 23.
  
• Gottschalk, 247.
  
• Goudin, 638.
  
• Gratry, 606.
  
• Green, 628 f., 647.
  
• Gregory Nazianzen, St., 222.
  
• Gregory of Nyssa, St., 222.
  
• Gregory of Rimini, 408.
  
• Groot, Gerhard, 411.
  
• Grotius, 445.
  
• Guerinois, 638.
  
• Guido of Medonta, 413.
  
• Gunther, 640.
  
  

• Haeckel, 644.
  
• Hamann, 548.
  
• Hamilton, 596 ff., 621.
  
• Hardenherg, see Novalis.
  
• Harmony, Heraclitean doctrine of, 56; Pythagorean doctrine of, 41.
  
• Harper, 642.
  
• Harris, 649.
  
• Hartley, 595, 613.
  
• Hartmann, 591 f.
  
• Harvey, 457 n.
  
• Hauréau, 240.
  
• Hedonism, of Aristippus, 90; of Bentham, 614; of Epicurus, 180 ff.; of Mill, 617 f.; of Spencer, 626 f.
  
• Hegel, 2, 555, 560 ff., 586, 591, 634, 646, 658.
  
• Hegelian school, 583.
  
• Hegesias, 91.
  
• Heliocentric system, among the Greeks, 189; in modern times, 432.
  
• Helmont, Van, 427.
  
• Helvétius, 502.
  
• Henry of Brabant, 320.
  
• Henry of Ghent, 382, 384 ff.
  
• Heraclides of Pontus, 123.
  
• Heraclitus, 38, 52, 53 ff., 69, 70, 99.
  
• Heraclitus the Stoic, 163.
  
• Herbart, 584 f.
  
• Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 494.
  
• Herder, 525, 548, 618.
  
• Heredity, a factor in genesis of knowledge, 625.
  
• Herman of Dalmatia, 320.
  
• Herman the German, 320.
  
• Hermann, 646.
  
• Hermarchus, 175.
  
• Hermes Trismegistus, 205.
  
• Hermes, Georg, 639 f.
  
• Hervé of Nedellec, 356, 383.
  
• Hesiod, 31, 54.
  
• Hesiodic cosmogony, 31.
  
• Heuristic method, 80 f.
  
• Hicetas, 189.
  
• Hickok, 637.
  
• Hilary, St., 224.
  
• Hildebert of Lavardin, 282.
  
• Hincmar, 247.
  
• Hippias, 71, 73.
  
• Hippolytus, 46, 220.
  
• Hobbes, ff.
  
• Holbach, 503.
  
• Homeric poems, 31.
  
• Honain ben Isaac, 311.
  
• Hugh of St. Victor, 303.
  
• d'Hulst, 641.
  
• Humanists, 425 ff.
  
• Hume, 446, 490, 518 ff., 529, 592.
  
• Hutcheson, 498 f., 592.
  
• Huxley, 620.
  
• Hylozoism of Earlier Ionians, 38.
  
• Hypatia, 211.
  
  

• Iamblichus, 42, 209.
  
• Ideas, Platonic theory of, 99 ff.; Aristotle's criticism of Platonic theory of, 135 f.; Schopenhauer's theory of, 586.
  
• Immortality of the soul, Aristotle's doctrine of, 152 ; Averroës' doctrine of, 314; Egyptian doctrine of, 10; Epicurean doctrine of, 180; Hindu doctrine of, 18; Hume's doctrine of, 521; Leibniz' doctrine of, 511; Ockam's doctrine of, 406 f. ; Plato's doctrine of, 110 ff.; Spinoza's doctrine of, 482 ff.; the Stoics' doctrine of, 170; St. Thomas' doctrine of, 360 ff.
  
• India, religious philosophy of, 15 ff.
  
• Industrialism, 612, 626.
  
• Ionian school, 33 ff.; Earlier Ionians, 34 ff.; Later Ionians, 53 ff.
  
• Irenaeus, St., 220.
  
• Irony, Socratic, 80.
  
• Isidore of Seville, St., 235, 246.
  
  

• Jacobi, 548.
  
• Jainism, 26.
  
• James, 649.
  
• Janet, Paul, 646.
  
• Janet, Pierre, 647.
  
• Jerome, St., 224.
  
• Jesuit school, 424 f.
  
• Jevons, 648.
  
• Jewish philosophy, 315 ff.
  
• Joachim de Floris, 307.
  
• Johannes Anglicus, 425.
  
• Johannes Hispanus, see John Avendeath.
  
• Johannes Italus, 310.
  
• Johannes Magistri, 425.
  
• Johannes Sophista, 268.
  
• John Avendeath, 320.
  
• John Buridan, 408 f.
  
• John Capreolus, 392.
  
• John Damascene, St., 223 ff.
  
• John de la Rochelle, 324, 329.
  
• John de Mirecourt, 413.
  
• John Dumbleton, 392.
  
• John Duns Scotus, 387 ff., 397, 403, 407, 425.
  
• John of Basoles, 392. 667
  
• John of Gand, 413.
  
• John of Naples, 392.
  
• John of St. Thomas, 424.
  
• John of Salisbury, 284, 288, 297, 299 f.
  
• John Peckham, 382.
  
• John Philoponus, 51, 159, 211.
  
• John Scotus Erigena, 223, 246 ff., 289.
  
• Johnson, Samuel, 634.
  
• Jouifroy, 6o8.
  
• Julian, 210.
  
• Justin, Martyr, 220.
  
  

• Kanâda, 24.
  
• Kant, 391, 525, 586, 621.
  
• Kantians, 548.
  
• Kapila, 21.
  
• Kepler, 432.
  
• Keynes, 648.
  
• Kleutgen, 640.
  
• Knutzen, 528.
  
• Krug, 549. 528 ff., 550, 555, 562.
  
  

• Lacordaire, 641.
  
• Lactantius, 220.
  
• Ladd, 650.
  
• Lamarck, 619.
  
• Lamennais, 604 ff.
  
• La Mettrie, 503.
  
• Lanfranc, 247, 271, 272.
  
• Lange, 644.
  
• Lao-tse, 13.
  
• Laplace, 618.
  
• Law, Heraclitus' concept of, 55, 57; Stoic concept of, 171; St. Thomas' definition of, 377.
  
• Lazarus, 646.
  
• Leibniz, 446, 506 ff., 539.
  
• Lepidi, 643.
  
• Leroux, 612.
  
• Lessing, 524 f.
  
• Leucippus, 61, 65.
  
• Liberatore, 642.
  
• Lipsius, 427.
  
• Littré,, 611.
  
• Locke, 403, 446, 486 ff.
  
• Logos, Heraclitus' doctrine of, 55; Philo's, 202; the Stoics', 169.
  
• Lombroso, 648.
  
• Lorenzelli, 643.
  
• Lotze, 645, 650.
  
• Lucan, 164, 193.
  
• Lucretius, 176, 193.
  
• Lully, see Raymond Lully.
  
• Luther, 439.
  
• Loys, 647.
  
• Lyceum, see Peripatetic school.
  
• Lychetus of Brescia, 392.
  
• Lyell, 619.
  
  

• McCosh, 635.
  
• Machiavelli, 43g.
  
• Mackintosh, 596.
  
• McTaggart, 647.
  
• Maimon,
  
• Maimonides, Moses, 316, 467.
  
• Maine de Biran, 606 f.
  
• de Maistre, 602.
  
• Malebranche, 464 f.
  
• Malthus, 620.
  
• Mamiani, 633.
  
• Mandeville, 497 f.
  
• Manes, 29, 219.
  
• Manicheism, 29, 219.
  
• Mansel, 601, 621.
  
• Mantegazza, 648.
  
• Marcion, 218.
  
• Marcus Aurelius, 164, 194.
  
• Marsh, 635.
  
• Marsilius of Inghen, 409.
  
• Martineau, 627, 648.
  
• Marx, 583.
  
• Materialism, of the Atomists, 66 ff.; of the Epicureans, 177 ff.; French materialism of the eighteenth century, 502 ff.; German contemporary, 644; of Hobbes, 444; of Renaissance period, 427.
  
• Mathematical certitude, Mill's criticism of, 617.
  
• Mathematics, of Babylonians, 5; of Euclid, 189; of the Pythagoreans, 40 f.
  
• Maudaley, 648.
  
• Maurice the Irishman, 425.
  
• Maximus Confessor, 223.
  
• Maximus of Tyre, 205.
  
• Mayer, 644.
  
• Mazdeism, 28.
  
• Mechanism, of the Atomists, 66, 67; of the Epicureans, 178; of Descartes, 455 ff.
  
• Megarians, 85 ff., 92.
  
• Melanchthon, 439.
  
• Melissus, 44, 51.
  
• Mendelssohn, 524.
  
• Menedemus, 87.
  
• Meng-tse, 15.
  
• Menippus, 87.
  
• Mercier, C. A., 648.
  
• Mercier, D., 644.
  
• Metaphysics, origin of name, 127.
  
• Method, deductive, of Descartes, eristic, of the Sophists, 71, 86; heuristic, of Socrates, 80, 81; Scholastic, 260, 287, 327.
  
• Metrodorus, 175.
  
• Michael Ephesius, 310.
  
• Michael Psellus, 310.
  
• Michael Psellus the Younger, 310.
  
• Michael Scott, 320.
  
• Mill, James, 615.
  
• Mill, John Stuart, 608, 615 ff.
  
• Mirandola, F. Pico della, 427.
  
• Mirandola, G. Pico della, 427.
  
• Mivart, 627.
  
• Moderatus of Gades, 204.
  
• Modes, Spinoza's doctrine of, 470.
  
• Moleschott, 644.
  
• Monadism, 507 ff.
  
• Monhoddo, Lord, 595.
  
• Montaigne, 427.
  
• Montesquieu, 504.
  
• More, Sir Thomas, 442.
  
• Morgan, C. Lloyd, 645.
  
• Morgan, Thomas, 495.
  
• Moses, see Maimonides, Moses.
  
• Motacallimin, 312.
  
• Motazilites, 312.
  
• Musonius, 193.
  
• Mysticism, 302 ff., 332, 411.
  
  

• Neckam, see Alexander Neckam.
  
• Nemesius, 223 n.
  
• Neo-Platonism, 102, 205 ff., 473.
  
• Neo-Scholasticism, 642 ff.
  
• Neo-Voluntarism, 649 f.
  
• Newman, 642.
  
• Newton, 432, 486, 494.
  
• Nicephorus, 310.
  
• Nicetas, 310.
  
• Nicholas de Orbellis, 392.
  
• Nicholas of Autrecourt, 415 f.
  
• Nicole, 462.
  
• Nicomachus of Gerasa, 204.
  
• Nietzsche, 592.
  
• Nifo, 427.
  
• Nikolaus of Cusa, 432.
  
• Nominalism, 266; of Hobbes, 443; of Locke, 491; of Ockam, 405 f; of Roscelin, 269 ff.; of the Stoics, 166.
  
• Notion, Hegelian doctrine of the, 570 ff.
  
• Novalis, 549.
  
• Numbers, in Jewish philosophy, 315 in Pythagorean philosophy, 40 f.
  
• Numenius, 205.
  
• Nyâ ya philosophy, 23 ff.
  
• Nys, 644.
  
  

• Ockam, see William of Ockam.
  
• Ockamism, 408 ff.
  
• Oken, 560.
  
• Olympiodorus, 211.
  
• Ontological argument, St. Anselm's, 275; Descartes', 452 f. ; Leibniz', 511 Kant's criticism of, 539 669
  
• Ontologism of the Cartesians, 464 f.; of Gerdil, 638 f.; of Gioberti, 633; of Rosmini, 632; St. Augustine and ontologism, 225 f.; St. Bonaventure and ontologism, 334 f.; St. Thomas and ontologism, 367.
  
• Ontology, origin of the name, 525.
  
• Organon of Aristotle, origin of the name, 127.
  
• Orient, philosophy of the, 7 ff.; influence of, on Greek philosophy, 29 f.
  
• Origen, 221.
  
• Orphic cosmogonies, 31.
  
• Oswald, 594.
  
• Othlo of Regensburg, 271.
  
• Otto of Tournai, 281 ff.
  
• Ozanam, 641.
  
  

• Panaetius, 164, 158.
  
• Pantheism, of Bruno and Campanella, 429 ff.; Hindu, 17 ff.; mediaeval, 306 ff.; of Spinoza, 470 f.; of the Stoics, 165 ff.
  
• Panthelism, 588 f.
  
• Paracelsus, 427.
  
• Paris, University of, 321 ff.
  
• Parker, 635.
  
• Parmenides, 44, 47, 58.
  
• Pascal, 462 f.
  
• Paschasius Radbertus, 247.
  
• Patañgali, 22.
  
• Patristic philosophy, 217 ff., 420.
  
• Patrizzi, 428.
  
• Paulban, 647.
  
• Paulsen, 645.
  
• Pecci, 643.
  
• Peirce, 649.
  
• Peripatetic school, 158 f.
  
• Persian philosophy, 26 ff.
  
• Persius, 164, 193.
  
• Personality, not defined by ancients generally, 105; Locke's concept ot 490.
  
• Pesch, 644.
  
• Pestalozzi, 584.
  
• Peter Aureolus, 403, 404.
  
• Peter d'Ailly, 409.
  
• Peter Damian, St., 271.
  
• Peter de Palude, 392.
  
• Peter Hispanus, 382.
  
• Peter John Olivi, 382.
  
• Peter of Auvergne, 382.
  
• Peter the Lombard, 300.
  
• Phaedo, 86.
  
• Phaedrus, 175.
  
• Pherecydes, 31.
  
• Philip of Opus, 123.
  
• Philo of Larissa, 124, 188.
  
• Philo the Jew, 201 ff.
  
• Philolaus, 39, 41, 434.
  
• Philoponus, see John Philoponus.
  
• Photius, 310.
  
• Physico-theological argument, Kant's criticism of, 539.
  
• Piat, 647.
  
• Pillon, 646.
  
• Plato, 39, 45, 48, 52, 54, 57, 59, 63, 76, 77. 84, 88, 93 ff., 243, 293, 516.
  
• Pleroma of Gnostics, 219.
  
• Pletho, 426.
  
• Plotinus, 205 ff.
  
• Plutarch of Athens, 210.
  
• Plutarch of Chaeronea, 205.
  
• Polystratus, 175.
  
• Pomponazzi, 427.
  
• Porphyry, 159, 209, 265.
  
• Porter, 636.
  
• Posidonius, 188.
  
• Positivism, 608 ff.
  
• Pragmatism, 649.
  
• Priestley, 595, 613.
  
• Principle of contradiction, according to Aristotle, 131, 135; according to Hegel, 567 f.; according to Heraclitus, 56; according to Nicholas of Autrecourt, 415; according to St. Thomas, 373.
  
• Principle of individuation, according to Durandus, 402; according to Henry of Ghent, 385; according to Scotus, 390; according to St. Thomas, 370.
  
• Principle of sufficient reason, 510.
  
• Proclus, 210 f., 317.
  
• Prodicus, 70, 74.
  
• Protagoras, 70, 72, 89, 90.
  
• Proudhon, 647.
  
• Psellus, see Michae] Psellus.
  
• Pseudo-Dionysius, see Dionysius the Areopagite.
  
• Psycho-physics, 360, 461.
  
• Ptolemy, 189, 434.
  
• Ptolemy of Lucca, 377.
  
• Pufendorf, 524.
  
• Pûrva Mîmâmâmsa, 19.
  
• Pyrrho, 92, 184.
  
• Pythagoras, 39.
  
• Pythagorean philosophy, 38 ff., 52, 60, 189.
  
  

• Quadrivium, 243.
  
• Quietism, in Neo-Platonism, 208; in Oriental philosophy, 18 f.; in Philo's philosophy, 203; in Stoicism, 173 f.
  
  

• Ramus, 428.
  
• Rationalism in philosophy of the Christian era, 216; in modern philosophy, 420; in Scholastic philosophy, 271.
  
• Ratramnus, 247.
  
• de Ravignan, 641.
  
• Raymond Lully, 394 f.
  
• Raymond of Sabunde, 409, 410.
  
• Raymond of Toledo, 320.
  
• Realism, 266; of Abelard, 287 ff.; of Albert the Great, 341; of Alexander of Hales, 327; of Aristotle, 132 ff.; of Gilbert de la Porrée, 297 f.; of the Indifferentists, 279 ff.; of Plato, 100 f.; of the school of Chartres, 293 ff.; of Scotus, 390; of St. Thomas, 352 ff.; of William of Champeaux, 279 f.
  
• Reid, 593 f.
  
• Reinhold, 548.
  
• Relativity of knowledge, according to Hamilton, 600; according to Protagoras, 72; according to the Sceptics, 185; according to Spencer, 622.
  
• Remi of Auxerre, 262 ff.
  
• Remi of Rheims, 247.
  
• Renaissance, 425 ff.
  
• Renouvier, 646.
  
• Reuchlin, 414.
  
• Revelation, see Faith and Reason.
  
• Reynaud, 612.
  
• Rhabanus Maurus, 245.
  
• Ribot, 647.
  
• Richard Fitzacre, 336, 381.
  
• Richard of Middletown, 381.
  
• Richard of St. Victor, 304.
  
• Richter, Jean Paul, 549.
  
• Ritchie, 647.
  
• Robert Greathead, 320, 335.
  
• Robert Holkot, 408.
  
• Robert Kilwardby, 381.
  
• Robert of Lincoln, see Robert Greathead.
  
• Robert Palleyn (or Pulleyn), 301.
  
• Roger Bacon, 324, 325, 335 ff.
  
• Rohrbacher, 606.
  
• Roland of Cremona, 381.
  
• Romagnosi, 630.
  
• Roman philosophy, 189 ff.
  
• Romanes, 620.
  
• Romanticism, 549.
  
• Roscelin, 269 ff., 285.
  
• Roselli, 638.
  
• Rosenkranz, 583.
  
• Rosmini, 631 f.
  
• Rousseau, 503 f., 560.
  
• Royce, 649 f.
  
• Royer-Collard, 607.
  
• Ruysbroek, 411.
  
  

• Saint-Simon, 611 f.
  
• Salmanticenses, 638 n.
  
• Samkara, 19.
  
• Sâmkhya philosophy, 21 ff.
  
• Sanchez, 427.
  
• Sanseverino, 642.
  
• Satolli, 643.
  
• Saturninus, 218.
  
• Say, J. B., 612.
  
• Scepticism, 184 ff.
  
• Sceptics, French, of the eighteenth century, 502 f.; of Greece, 184 ff.; of the
  
• Renaissance, 427.
  
• Schelling, 555 ff., 562, 587.
  
• Schematism of the categories, 534.
  
• Schiller, 549.
  
• Schiegel, 549.
  
• Schiejermacher, 560.
  
• Schola Palatina, 241.
  
• Scholasticism, general character of, 417 ff.
  
• Scholasticus, 243.
  
• Schools, Carolingian, foundation of, 241 ff.; library of, 243 ff.
  
• Schopenhauer, 583, 585 ff.
  
• Schoppe, 427.
  
• Schubert, 560..
  
• Schulze, 548.
  
• Schwarz, 646.
  
• Sciro, 176.
  
• Scotists, 392, 425.
  
• Scottish school, 592 ff.
  
• Scotus, see John Scotus Erigena and
  
• John Duns Scotus.
  
• Secréd;tan, 646.
  
• Sedulius Scotus, 242.
  
• Seelye, 637 n.
  
• Selection, natural, 619 f.
  
• Sensation, described by Aristotle, 148 f.; described by the Atomists, 68; described by Empedocles, 60; described by the Epicureans, 177; described by Kant, 531, 534; described by St. Thomas, 354 ff.
  
• Servatus Lupus, 247.
  
• Seth, A., 647.
  
• Seven Wise Men, 32.
  
• Sextians, the, 193.
  
• Sextus Empiricus, 186.
  
• Shaftesbury, 496 f.
  
• Sidgwick, 648.
  
• Siger of Brabant, 393.
  
• Signoriello, 642.
  
• Sigwart, 646.
  
• Simon of Tournai, 324.
  
• Simplicius, 159, 211.
  
• Sismondi, 612 .
  
• Smith, Adam, 499.
  
• Socialism, 612.
  
• Society, origin of, acccording to Aristotle, 155; according to the Epicureans, 179; according to Hobbes, 444; according to Rousseau, 504; according to St. Thomas, 377.
  
• Socrates, 52, 70, 75, 76, 77 ff., 86, 92, 93, 115.
  
• Socratic schools, 84 ff.
  
• Soncinas, 424.
  
• Sophists, 70 ff.
  
• Sotion, 193.
  
• Soto, see Dominic de Soto.
  
• Space, according to Aristotle, 144; according to the Atomists, 66; according to the Epicureans, 178; according to Kant, 531; according to Plato, 106; according to St. Thomas, 371.
  
• Spencer, 621 ff.
  
• Speusippus, 122.
  
• Spinoza, 446, 466 ff., 552, 554.
  
• State, Aristotle's theory of, 155; Campanella's theory of, 431 ; Hegel's theory of, 577 ff.; Hobbes' theory of, 444; Locke's theory of, 492 f.; Plato's theory of, 116; Rousseau's theory of, 504; St. Thomas' theory of, 363 ff.
  
• Staudenmaier, 640.
  
• Steifens, 560.
  
• Steinthal, 646.
  
• Stephen Langton, 327.
  
• Stephen, Leslie, 648.
  
• Stewart, 595.
  
• Stilpo, 85.
  
• Stirling, 628, 647.
  
• Stobaeus, 51.
  
• Stöckl, 640.
  
• Stoics, 57, 89, 163 ff., 182.
  
• Strato of Lampsacus, 159.
  
• Strauss, 583.
  
• Stumpf, 646.
  
• Suarez, 425.
  
• Substance, Aristotle's doctrine of, 133; Berkeley's doctrine of, 515; Cartesian dualism of, 453; Hobbes' doctrine of, 444; Hume's denial of, 520; Kant's category of, 533; Locke's doctrine of unknowableness of, 489; Spinoza's doctrine of, 468.
  
• Sufis, 312.
  
• Suidas, 310.
  
• Sully, 648.
  
• Survival of the fittest, 624.
  
• Suso, 414.
  
• Sylvester II, Pope, see Gerbert.
  
• Sylvester Maurus, 638.
  
• Syrianus, 210.
  
• Syro, 176.
  
  

• Talamo, 642.
  
• Tarde, 647.
  
• Tatian, 220.
  
• Tauler, 414.
  
• Telesio, 428.
  
• Terminism, 405 f.
  
• Tertullian, 220.
  
• Tetens, 524.
  
• Thales, 34.
  
• Themistius, 210.
  
• Theodore of Gaza, 427.
  
• Theodoric of Chartres, 294 ff.
  
• Theodorus, 91.
  
• Theophilus, 220.
  
• Theophrastus, 65, 158.
  
• Thierry, 612.
  
• Thomas à Kempis, 412.
  
• Thomas Bradwardine, 416.
  
• Thomas de Vio Cajetan, 424.
  
• Thomas of Aquin, St., 276, 308, 315, 322,330,340, 343 ff., 388, 392, 433,643.
  
• Thomas of Cantimpré, 320.
  
• Thomas of Strasburg, 409.
  
• Thomasius, 524.
  
• Thomists, 382.
  
• Thrasyllus, 205.
  
• Timon of Phlius, 184.
  
• Tindal, 495.
  
• Toland, 495.
  
• Toletus, 425.
  
• Tönnies, 646.
  
• Tracy, Destutt de, 602.
  
• Traditionalism, 602 ff.
  
• Trendelenburg, 645.
  
• Trivium, 243.
  
• Trombetta, 425.
  
• Tropes, of AEnesidemus, 186; of Agrippa, 186.
  
• Tschirnhausen, 524.
  
• Turgot, 609.
  
• Tyndall, 620.
  
  

• Ueberweg, 584.
  
• Ulric of Strasburg, 382.
  
• Universals, controversy concerning, 265 ff.; see also Conceptualism, Nominalism, Realism.
  
• Universities, rise of, 321 ff.
  
• Upanishads, 16 ff.
  
• Utilitarianism, 614 ff.
  
• Uttara-Mîmâmsâ 19.
  
  

• Vacherot, 646.
  
• Vaisheshika philosophy, 24 ff.
  
• Valentinus, 218.
  
• Valla, 427.
  
• Varro, 193.
  
• Vasquez, 425.
  
• Veda, 15.
  
• Vedânta philosophy, 19 ff.
  
• Veitch, 648.
  
• Ventura, 606.
  
• Vera, 634.
  
• Vico, 630.
  
• Victorines, 279, 303 ff., 332.
  
• Vincent of Beauvais, 383.
  
• Virtue defined, by Aristotle, 154; by St. Augustine, 233; by the Cynics, 88; by the Cyrenaics, 91; by Shaftesbury, 497; by the Stoics, 171; by St. Thomas, 376.
  
• Vogt, 644.
  
• Voltaire, 502.
  
• Voluntarism and intellectualism, 369, 386, 390 f.
  
• Vyâsa, 19.
  
  

• Wagner, 592.
  
• Wallace, A. R., 620.
  
• Wallace, W., 647 f.
  
• Walter Burleigh, 392.
  
• Walter of Mortagne, 284 ff.
  
• Walter of St. Victor, 304 f.
  
• Watson, 649.
  
• Weber, 645.
  
• Weigel, 414, 439.
  
• Will, freedom of, according to St. Anselm, 277; according to Aristotle, 153; according to St. Augustine, 233; according to the Epicureans, 180; according to Erigena, 256; according to Plato, 114; according to the Stoics, 170 according to St. Thomas, 368 f.
  
• William de la Marre, 381.
  
• William Durandus, 400 ff.
  
• William Mackelfield, 382.
  
• William Moerbeka, 320.
  
• William of Auvergne, 324 ff.
  
• William of Champeaux, 279 ff., 283, 285.
  
• William of Conches, 295 ff.
  
• William of Ockam, 399, 404 ff.
  
• William of St. Amour, 323, 330, 382.
  
• William of Shirwood, 383 n.
  
• Willmann, 646.
  
• Windelband, 646.
  
• Wise Men, the Seven, 32.
  
• Wolff, 525.
  
• Wollaston, 495.
  
• World-soul, in Aristotle's philosophy, 146; in philosophy of the school of Chartres, 293; in Neo-Platonism, 207; in Plato's philosophy, 107 f.
  
• Worms, 647.
  
• de Wulf, 644.
  
• Wundt, 646.
  
  

• Xenocrates, 98, 108, 122.
  
• Xenophanes, 44, 45.
  
• Xenophon, 77, 79, 82, 84.
  
  

• Yoga philosophy, 22 f.
  
  

• Zarathustra, see Zoroaster.
  
• Zeller, 646.
  
• Zeno of Cittium, 163.
  
• Zeno of Elea, 44, 49, 52. 70, 72.
  
• Zeno of Sidon, 175.
  
• Zeno of Tarsus, 164.
  
• Ziegler, 646.
  
• Zigliara, 643.
  
• Zoroaster, 27 ff.
  
• Zwingli, 439.