Jacques Maritain Center : A History of Western Philosophy Vol. I / by Ralph McInerny

  • Antisthenes: 132; founder of Cynics, 132
  • Anytus: accuser of Socrates, 112, 114
  • Aphrodite: 7, 69, 74
  • Apollodorus: 117
  • Apology (Plato): 112-15, 145
  • Apology (Xenophon): 131
  • Apuleius of Madaura: 338
  • Aquinas, St. Thomas: 267
  • Arabic authors: writings from, 219
  • Arcesilaus: 308, 327-31; birth, 328
  • Archedemus: 137
  • Archytas: 136, 137
  • Ares: 7, 74
  • Argument: 314-6; contentious, fallacious or apparent, 249; definition, 314
  • Arian: 323; Discourses, 323; Enchiridion, 323
  • Aristippus of Cyrene: 131, 133
  • Aristo: 311
  • Aristocles: 134
  • Ariston: 134
  • Aristophanes: 9, 109; Clouds, 109; lampoon of Socrates, 110
  • Aristotelian doctrine: 309
  • Aristotelianism: 217; opposed to Platonism, 218
  • Aristotle: 6; account of Pythagorean doctrines, 43-50; accounts of Thales' doctrines, 18-20; acromatic works, 220, 221; appraisal of Empedocles, 65-6; appraisal of Melissus of Samos, 63; birth, 216; Categories, 222, 2317, 337; change in mind, 218; criticism of Plato's language, 223-4; De Caelo: 49, 50, 57; death is return of soul to home, 220; dialogues, 218-21; division of practical philosophy, 228-30; division of theoretical philosophy, 227-8; doctrine of opposition of proposition, 241; early writings, 221; Eudemian Ethics, 118, 222, 228; Eudemus, 220; evolution in thought, 218; exoteric works, 219; First Philosophy, 228-30, 284-96; Generation of Animals, 222; History of Animals, 222; importance of order and methodology, 255; influence on Alexander the Great, 2 16-17; interest in everything said by predecessors, 250; interest in nature, 219; judgment of Xenophanes, 30-1; logical works, 230-49; lost works, fragments of, 220; man and his work, 216-22; Metaphysics, 5-6, 16, 19, 218, 222, 224-6, 230, 233, 235, 260, 269, 337; Meteorologica, 65, 222, 225-6; moral and political philosophy, 269-84; Motion of Animals, 222; nature and division of philosophy, 222-30; Nicomachian eihlcs, 222, 229, 269-84; on Anaxogoras' doctrine of Nous or Mind, 81; On Democritus, 87; On Generation and Corruption, 222; On Interpretation, 222, 231, 237-44, 318; On Philosophy, 220, 221; On the Heaven, 222; On the Soul, 220, 222, 229, 265-9; order among philosophical sciences, 228-30; order of procedure in natural science, 250-1; Organon, 230-1; Organon, plurality of works in, 231; Parts of Animals, 222; Parva Naturalia, 222; philosophy of nature, 31, 149, 250-69; Physics, 21, 222, 250, 253-4, 260, 264-5; Platonist period 217; Plato's greatest pupil, 217; Poetics, 6, 65, 222, 223, 231; Politics, 222, 269-84; Posterior Analytics, 222, 227, 231, 244-9; Prior Analytics, 222, 231, 241-4, 247-8; Progression of Animals, 222; Protrepticus: 220-2; Rhetoric, 65, 222, 231; sciences of nature, 250; science of nature, order of procedure, 250-1; Sophistical Refutations, 222, 231; speculative and practical philosophy, 225-7; stages of development, 221; statement on doctrine of Forms, 147; student in Academy, 138, 216; study of Gorgias, 104; "system" came to him whole, 218; Topics, 64, 222, 231, 249; treatises, 218, 221-2; true heir of Plato, 217; view of philosophy, 230; writings, 218
  • Arithmetic: 44-5, 158
  • Arrow: The, 61
  • Artisans: 204
  • Asclepiad society:
  • Assertions: elements of, 232
  • Assumptions: basic and contradictory, in natural science, 253-4
  • Astronomy: 158, 214; Thales' knowledge of, 15-7
  • Atheists: 212, 213
  • Athene: 7, 101 Academy: See Academy; democracy: 210; Socratic Society: 146; stranger: 209
  • Athenians: 181
  • Athens: champion of empire, 109; sea power, 210
  • Atlantis: isle of, 181; myth of, 190
  • Atomism: 84-108; and modern history, 252-3; doctrine of Leucippus and Democritus, 84-5; motivation for doctrine of, 85-6; reaction of Empedocles and Anaxagoras to, 85
  • Atomists: belief that world came about by chance, 88
  • Atoms: defintion of, 86; imperceptible, 88; movement of, 86-7; only things that really are, 87, 88; structure of, 89; weight of, 86
  • Augustine, St.: 184

    B

  • Babylon: wisdom of, 16
  • Barbarians: myths and rituals, 12
  • Beauty: 153
  • Becoming: and perishing, 68, 76; beginning of, 184; unqualified, 257
  • Being: 178; and becoming, 187; and not-being: 170, 174-9; does not move, 55; finitude of, 55, 62-3; ingenerable and incorruptible, 55; is finite, 55, 62-3; is one, 165; monolithically unique body, 58; non-physical, 57; properties of, 54 ff; source of, 54
  • Beings: atoms, as irreducible elements of, 86
  • Belief: See Knowledge
  • Blood: as thought, 72
  • Bodies: compounded of atoms, 86; generated from points, 47; living, 267; living natural, 266; mathematical and physical, identification of, 60; physical, and geometrical solids, 47; physical, composed of points having magnitude, 60
  • Body: definition of, 266; organic, 266; solid, 47; triumph over, 153; world, 185-6
  • Boethius: commentaries on Porphyry's Introduction to Aristotle's Categories, 229
  • Boundless, the: 34; doctrine of Anaximander: 21-4
  • Briseis: 8
  • Bryson: 324

    C

  • Caesar: 131; Anabasis, 131
  • Caldean Oracles: 358-9
  • Calipus: 137
  • Callias: 98
  • Cannon, The (Epicurus): 298
  • Canonic: 298-300
  • Carneades of Cyrene, 331-3; birth, 331
  • Carpenter: 167
  • Categories: 312-4
  • Categories (Aristotle): 222, 231-7, 337
  • Causes (Democritus): 84; four types of, 261
  • Cave: allegory of, 153, 157-8
  • Cebes: 115, 193
  • Celsus: 338
  • Cephalus: 199
  • Chaerephon: 113
  • Chalcidius: 182
  • Chance: 2, 91, 261-2; analysis of, 262-3
  • Change: analysis of, 256; Anaxagoras' Paradoxical doctrine of, 79-81; ceaseless, 182; in realm of art, 257-8; principle of, 26, 251
  • Changeable being: principles of, 255-8
  • Chaos: 9
  • Charmides: 120-1, 134
  • Charmides (Plato): 120-3, 145, 147
  • Children: 211
  • Choice and deliberation: 277
  • Christ: 16
  • Christianity: 358; history of, 307
  • Christians: 357
  • Church: entry of philosophers into, 361
  • Chrysippus: 307, 308, 331; death, 309
  • Cicero: 307; De senectute, 199
  • Circle: 148, 191; knowledge of, 142-3, 148
  • City: planning of, 209; population of, 211
  • City-state: See Greek polis
  • Cleanthes: 307, 308
  • Cleinias: 212
  • Cleon: 107
  • Clitomachus: 332-34
  • Clouds (Aristophanes): 109
  • Cobbler: 167
  • Colophon: 27
  • Commerce: 211-2
  • Conjecture: 182
  • Conservation of resources: 212
  • Contemplation: 283-4
  • Contests: 211
  • Continuum: 264
  • Contradiction: principle of, 100
  • Contrariety: involved in change, 254-5
  • Corpus Hermeticum: 340
  • Corruption: 22
  • Cosmic cycle: 69
  • Cosmogony: 9, 12
  • Cosmography (Democritus): 84
  • Cosmology: of Diogenes of Apollonia, 93-4; of Empedocles, 69; Pythagorean, 46-7, 58; (Plato): 189
  • Cosmos: 20
  • Courage: 204, 205; definition: 204
  • Craftsmen: 212
  • Crantor: 328
  • Crates of Thebes: 133, 328
  • Cratylus: 37, 136
  • Cratylus: (Plato): 145
  • Created world: perfection of, 182
  • Creation: 70-1, 181
  • Creation of time: 186
  • Creator: 182; See also Demiurge
  • Crimes against state: 212
  • Critias: 121-3, 134, 181
  • Critias (Plato): 145
  • Crito: 117
  • Crito (Plato): 145
  • Critolaus: 331
  • Croesus, King: 17
  • Croton: 40-1
  • Cthonic deities: 12
  • Cthonic religion: 12; snake god, 28
  • Cycle of incarnations: 73-5
  • Cycle of the Great Year: 36
  • Cynics: 132-3, 307; doctrines of, 132-3; mode of life, 133
  • Cyrenaic socratic school: 133
  • Cyropaideia (Xenophon):

    D

  • Daemons: 20
  • Damascius: 360
  • Day: 9
  • De Anima (Democritus), 89
  • De Caelo (Aristotle): 49, 50, 57
  • De Rerum Natura (Lucretius): 66
  • De Senectute (Cicero): 199
  • Death: neither good nor evil: 303; not instantaneous, 88; releases the soul, 198; return of soul to home, 220
  • Deception: 172
  • Definition: definition of, 311
  • Definitions: search for (Plato), 158-9
  • Delphic oracle: 114, 115
  • Demiurge (maker), 183-4; motive in fashioning world, 184-5; See also Creator
  • Democracy: 208; cannot rule empire, 107; Plato's distaste for, 135
  • Democritean ethics: 90-2; independent of atomism, 91
  • Democritus: 84; accounts for man's belief in gods, 89-90; Causes, 84; Cosmography, 84; De Amina, 89; doctrine of atomism, 84-5; Little World Order, The, 84; on role of chance in human affairs, 91; On the Planets, 84; plenum and void, 252; works, 84
  • Demonstration: 244; circular, 248-9
  • Demonstrative science: 241-2; syllogism: 241
  • Desires: differences between, 303, 305
  • Despotic or tyrannical government: 208
  • Destruction: 22
  • Dialectic: 66, 159, 165, 179, 310, 311; definition, 156, 311, 313; founded by Zeno of Elea, 59, 66; Platonic, 140; See also Logic
  • Dialecticians, 160
  • Dialogues of Aeschines: 131
  • Dialogues of Aristotle: 218-21
  • Dialogues of Plato: 111, 134, 136, 141, 144-6; authentic, 145; chronology, 145; metaphysical, 160; purpose or function of, 144; Socratic: 111, 144, 146, 147
  • Dianoia (thinking): 155
  • Diodes: 313-4
  • Diodorus Cronus: 132
  • Diogenes Laertius: 15, 136, 220; air as primary stuff, 25; Empedocles works and feats recorded by, 65; on perception, 299-300
  • Diogenes of Apollonia: 92-4; cosmology of, 93-94; fl. about, 440-430 B.C., 92; eclectic doctrine, 93; makes common nature, air, 93; natural philosophers, 92; On Nature, 93
  • Diogenes of Babylon: 331
  • Diogenes of Selencis: 309
  • Diogenes of Sinope: 133
  • Dion: 136-7
  • Dionysius: 131, 136-7
  • Dionysius II: 136-7, 142; introduction to philosophy, 138-9
  • Disbelief: 213
  • Disciplines: five, 158; mathematical, 158
  • Discourse (logos): 242-3
  • Discourse or speech (logos), 239
  • Discourses (Arian): 323
  • Diseases: 189
  • Dissoi logoi, or Twofold Arguments: anonymous work, 106
  • Divided Line: 153, 157
  • Divine: reconciliation of Greek and Oriental statements about, 99
  • Divine being: Ionian doctrine of, 53; Xenophanes view of, 53
  • Divinity: 20; Empedocles' description of, 74; should not be localized, 28
  • Doctrine of anamnesis: 186
  • Doctrine of Forms: 118, 144, 147-60, 179, 192, 206, 217, 220; point of difference between Socrates and Plato, 147; second-best way to discover Good, 149-51
  • Doctrine of Forms or Ideas: 118, 144, 192
  • Doctrine of Ideas: 159-66, 160-80
  • Doctrine of the One and the Many: 161-6
  • Doxa (opinion): 171
  • Dreams: 169
  • Dualism: 176; of being and non-being, 56; of Pythagorean doctrine, 56

    E

  • Earth: 10, 34, 36, 70; (Aidoneus): 67; formation, 26; (Gaia): 8; gods: 12; origin of heavenly bodies, 26; shape, 26
  • East-of-Egypt: wisdom of, 16
  • Echecrates: 116
  • Eclectic Academy in Alexandria: 337
  • Eclipse of sun: Thales' prediction of, 16, 17
  • Ecpyrosis: 36-7; arguments for and against, 36-7
  • Education: 203, 210, 211
  • Egypt: 16
  • Egyptian mathematics: 16-7
  • Egyptians: animal gods, 28
  • Eikasia (imaginary): 155
  • Elea: 27, 51
  • Eleatic logic: 78
  • Eleatic school of philosophy: 27, 30; summary remarks, 63-4
  • Eleatic stranger: 174, 179
  • Eleatics: 57
  • Elements: 5, 34, 67-8, 70, 78; as qualities or attributes, 188; of number, 44, 46, 47; principle of change among, 26
  • Elements (Euclid): 16
  • Elements of Physics (Proclus): 358
  • Elements of Theology (Proclus): 358
  • Elias: 220-1
  • Emotions of men: 10
  • Empedocles of Acragas: 51, 64-76; cosmology of, 69; description of divinity, 74; doctrine of formation of world, 70; explanation of love, 81-2; father of rhetoric, 66; fl. 450 B.C., 65; influence of Parmenides on, 66-8; interested in natural world and religion, 65; on creation of living things, 70-1; On Nature, 65-72; on roots or elements of living things, 67, 70; on way of truth, 68; Purifications, 65, 72-6; reputation for arrogance, 73; writings, 65-6
  • Enchiridion (Arian): 323
  • End of world: 36-7
  • Enemies: do good to, 200
  • Enneads, the (Plotinus): 341-42
  • Epicrates: 140
  • Enneads, The (Plotinus): 341-2
  • Epictetus: 323
  • Epicurean physics: 301-3
  • Epicurean school: 297-8; history, 307
  • Epicureanism: 297-307; object of vituperation, 297; traditional criticism of, 306
  • Epicurus: 307; accepts atomic doctrine of Democritus, 301-2; accusations leveled against, 297-8; Athenian citizen, 297; birth, 297; Canon, The, 298; defends criteria of truth in canonic, 302; division of philosophy by, 298; epitomy of physical doctrine, 301; infallibility of sensation, 298-9; Little Epitome, 298; makes nature the guide, 304; military service, 297; Of the End, 298; On Human Life, 298; Of Nature, 298; prolific author, 298; teaching career, 297; says wise man is not fatalistic, 304
  • Epinomis (Plato), 145
  • Equivocal things: 236
  • Erebus: 10
  • Eristic: of Sophists, 140
  • Eros: 10
  • Error: 172
  • Essence: of generated things, 261
  • Essential realities: 143, 147, 149, 191
  • Eternal flux school of thought, 37-8
  • Ethics: 303-7, 310, 318-22
  • Ethics: Democritean, 90-2
  • Ethiopians: 28
  • Eubulides of Miletus: 131-2
  • Euclid of Megara: 16, 167, 324; Elements, 16
  • Eucides of Megara: 131
  • Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 118, 222,
  • 228
  • Eudemus: 16
  • Eudemus (Aristotle): 220
  • Eudorus: 337; commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics, 337; commentary on the Timaeus, 337; school of mathematics, 138
  • Euripides: 98, 109
  • Eurylochus: 327
  • Eurystratus of Miletus: 25
  • Euthydemus (Plato): 130, 145
  • Euthyphro (Plato), 112, 147, 148
  • Euthyphron (Plato), 145
  • Evil: 129
  • Evils besetting man: 10-1
  • "Existential affinity": 151
  • Explanation of sensation, 71-2
  • Expressions: complex and incomplex, 231-2; true and false, 232

    F

  • Falsity or truth: 237-8
  • Fatalism: 304
  • Falsehood: 52ff; way of, as depicted by Parmenides, 52ff
  • Father: 346
  • Feelings: 300
  • Finality: 263
  • Finite space: traversal of, 60-1
  • Fiitude of being: 55, 62-3
  • Fire: 23, 34, 35, 36, 38, 187; (Hephaistos): 70
  • First philosopher (Thales of Miletus): 3, 4, 15, 18; (Aristotle): 228-30, 284-96; (Plato), 284-96
  • Floruit: 84
  • Foreknowledge: 244-6
  • Form: 224, 260, 261, 266; of good: 180; substantial, 258
  • Formation of world: 181; account of, attributed to Leucippus, 87; Anaxagoras' theory of, 80; Empedocles' doctrine of, 70; first stage, whirling vortex, 87-8; Pythagorean doctrine of world, 48ff; second stage, collision of atoms, 88; story of, 180-1
  • Forms: 147-59, 179, 180; doctrine of: See Doctrine of Forms; moral, 152; suggestion of hierarchy, 154; mathematical, 152
  • Forms of numbers: hierarchy in, 192
  • Forms or Ideas: 180; doctrine of: See Doctrine of Forms or Ideas; structural universe, 179
  • Fortune: 262-3
  • Friends of ideas: identity of, 177
  • Friendship: 282-3; role in Epicurean ethics, 305-6

    G

  • Gaia (earth): 8
  • Gaius: 338
  • Galen: 18
  • Genera: 175, 178
  • Generation: 22
  • Generation of Animals (Aristotle): 222
  • Generation of world: See Formation of world
  • Genesis: 183
  • Genesis (source): 7
  • Genus: 249
  • Geometry: 167; plane, 158; solid, 158; Thales' knowledge of, 16-7
  • Giants (sons of earth): 176-7
  • Glaucon: 134, 161, 202, 205, 208
  • Gnomon: 25
  • Gnosticism: 340
  • Gnostics: 341
  • God: 29, 337; Judaeo-Christian, 30; unity of, 29-30
  • God-Soul-Matter: basic stuff of things, 250
  • Gods: 4-5, 7-14, 20; bought and won, 212; denial of existence of, 212; discussion about, 28-9; earth, 12; no concern for human affairs, 212, 214; See also Olympian gods
  • Gold: 78, 188
  • Golden Age of Greek philosophy: 92, 110, 346; ended, 74
  • Good: 129, 144, 149; analogy to sun: 153; primacy of, 185; role in intelligible world, 155
  • Goodness: likened to sun, 207
  • Gorgias of Leontini: 101-4, 109; embraces radical empiricism, 103; fl. in 5th century B.C., 101; On Not-being or on Nature, 102; studies under Empedocles, 101; teacher of rhetoric, 101; textbook of rhetoric, 101; three propositions in On Not-being or On Nature, 102-4
  • Gorgias (Plato): 145
  • Government: forms of, 208; Plato's interest in, 135
  • Great World Order, The (Leucippus): 84
  • Great Year: 36
  • Greece: 16
  • Greek polis: 101, 106; description of, 96-7; milieu for Sophists, 96
  • Greek primitive religion: 12-4
  • Greeks: 3
  • Guardians: 204, 207, 208; early training of, 203; higher studies of, 156; lead ascetic life, 204

    H

  • Hades: 7, 92
  • Harmonics: 158
  • "Harmony of the spheres" (Philolaus): 49
  • Harmony with nature: 319-20
  • Harrison, Jane: Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, 13
  • Hate: 69
  • Hearing: 34, 267
  • Heavens: 23
  • Hector: 6
  • Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: 230
  • Hegelian interpretation of dialectic in Parmenides: 166
  • Helenese: 181
  • Hephaestus: 101
  • Hephaistos (fire), 70
  • Hera: 7, 67
  • Heraclitus of Ephesus: 4, 15, 32-9; arresting style, 33; belief in Ecpyrosis, debatable, 36-7; concern with change, 35, 53; concern with conduct, 95; critical of multitude, 32; doubts about sense perception, 53; ethical message of, 39; (fire): 34; founder of eternal flux school of thought, 378; obscure utterances, 33; On Nature, 33; theory of end of world, 36; view of natural world, 36; wealth of quotations throughout ancient literature, 32
  • Hermarchus of Mytilene: 307
  • Hermes: 43
  • Hermes Trismegistus: 340
  • Hermeias: 216
  • Hermetic writings (Corpus Hermeticum): 340
  • Hermocrates: 181
  • Hermodorus: 136
  • Herodotus: 6, 109; concerning transmigration of souls, 41
  • Hesiod: 4-14, 223; Influence on Greeks, 6; Theogony, 8-14; Works and Days, 11-12
  • Hippasus of Metapontium: 42
  • Hippias Maior (Plato): 145
  • Hippies Minor (Plato): 145
  • Hippias of Elis: 98, 105, 109; interested in squaring the circle, 105; Sophist, 105
  • History of Animals (Aristotle): 222
  • Homer, 4-13; Iliad, 6, 8; influence on Greeks, 6; Odyssey, 7, 8
  • Homeric deities: 28
  • Homeric epics: 7
  • Homicide: 212
  • Human body: composition of, 187
  • Human reproduction: 28
  • Human soul: 190; ascent to highest condition, 208; degradation of, 208
  • Hybris (pride): 7
  • Hypotheses: of geometer: 156; definition, 156
  • Hypothesis: method of, 150

    I

  • Iamblichus: 357; Introduction to the Arithmetic of Nicomachus, 358; On General Mathematical Science, 358
  • Idea: 148, 224; definition of, 148; synonymous with Form, 148; See also Form
  • Idea-number: 221
  • Idea of Good: 159-60
  • Idea of knowledge: 164
  • Ideal: qualifications, 320-2
  • Ideal state: modelled after individual soul, 181; plan of, 181; political theory, 181
  • Ideas: absolute essences, 164; as dwelling above the heavens, 159-60; criticism of, 286; doctrine of: See
  • Doctrine of Ideas; of One and Many: 162, 165; of which other things partake, 162-63
  • Ignorance: 153, 160
  • Iliad (Homer): 6, 8
  • Image makers: 167
  • Images: 155
  • Images: (Timon): 327
  • Imagination: 267
  • Imagining: 155
  • Immortality: 20; as reward for moral virtue, 194; of soul, 193-7
  • Incarnation: 42
  • Incontinence: 129
  • Infinity: 25; definition, 264
  • Instruction: proceeds from pre-existent knowledge, 244
  • Intellect: passive and agent, 268
  • Intellectual faculties: 268
  • Intelligible nature: likened to father, 188
  • Interpretation: definition, 238; or proposition: 239-40
  • Interstices and "components": 252
  • Introduction to Arithmetic (Nicomachus): 340
  • Introduction to the Arthimetic of Nicomachus (Iamblichus): 358
  • Involuntary acts: 276-7
  • Ion (Plato): 145
  • Ionian natural philosophy: 95
  • Ionians: 14-40
  • Iris: 29
  • Isagoge: 357
  • Isocrates: 103-4
  • Italian philosophers: 40
  • Italian school of philosophy: 27

    J

  • Jewish philosophers of antiquity: 341
  • Joy: 69
  • Judaeo-Christian God: 30
  • Judgment: 171
  • Julian, Emperor: 358
  • Jupiter: 186
  • Justice: 106-7, 204, 205, 281-2; definition, 200; in the state, 202-3; is intrinsic good, 202; Plato's views of, 199; to be preferred to injustice, 201
  • Justinian, Emperor: 360-1

    K

  • Knowing: is active, 177
  • Knowledge: 33, 34, 37-8, 119-23, 155; absolute, 164; and opinion, 153; and virtue, 277-8 1; as true opinion plus an account, 173-79; definition, 166-8; division from opinion, 154; fixed, possibility of, 100; is sensation, 168-71; is sensation (aisthesis): 168; is true opinion, 171-3; of essential reality, 142-3; of natural world, 251; threefold division of, 225; validity of, 110; and belief: distinction between, 206; and sensation: identification of, 170; and virtue: identification of, 124-30; of Good: highest possession, 153
  • Kronos: 7, 10, 11, 74
  • Kupris, Queen: 74

    L

  • Laches (Plato), 145, 147
  • Lampoons (Timon): 327
  • Lampsacus: 110, 131
  • Land, 36
  • Laws, human, 107; (Plato): 20, 145, 209-15
  • Lawyer: compared with philosopher, 170
  • Learning: 34, 168
  • Letters (Plato): 141-2
  • Letters to Lucilius (Seneca), 323
  • Legislation: 213
  • Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm: 348
  • Leucippus: 84; doctrine of atomism, 84-5; Great World Order, The, 84; On Mind, 84
  • Life: 20, 177
  • Life of man: evanescence of, 72
  • Life of polis: cynical attitude toward, 107
  • Light: 154
  • Little Bear: 17
  • Little Epitome (Epicurus): 298
  • Little World Order, The (Democritus): 84
  • Lives (Plutarch): 337
  • Living bodies: have souls, 177
  • Living species: first members of, 88
  • Living things: creation of, 70-1; possess power of sensation, 267
  • Logic: 57, 310-6; Aristotle's, 230-49; division of, 311; formal and material, 247; nature and subject matter of, 231-7; to be learned first, 228-9
  • Logical entities: 234
  • Logical interpretation of dialectic in
  • Parmenides: 166
  • Locomotion: 264
  • Logos: 32-4, 38-9; (account): 173-4; (account): assigned three meanings, 173; (speech), 239
  • Love: 9, 10, 69, 74; Empedocles' explanation of, 81-2
  • Lucretius: concentrates on sensation, 299; De Rerum Natura, 66, 307
  • Lyceum: 216, 297
  • Lyco: accuser of Socrates, 112
  • Lycophron: 104
  • Lydians: 15
  • Lysis: 120
  • Lysis (Plato): 145

    M

  • Macedonian ascendancy: 308
  • Meditations (Marcus Aurelius): 323
  • Magnitude: mathematical, 60; of numbers, 46, 50
  • Maieutic: method of questioning, 167-8, 175
  • Maker (demiurge): 183, 184
  • Man: 100, 186, 353-56; creation of, 181; end of, 271-3; five ages of, 11; "is measure of all things." 98, 99-100; origin of, 11; Plato's view of, 192-215
  • Marcus Aurelius, Emperor: Meditations, 323
  • Marinus: 360
  • Mathematical intermediates, doctrine of (Plato): 190-3
  • Mathematical numbers: 192
  • Mathematical sciences: 156
  • Mathematicals: 155, 159
  • Mathematics: 214; and natural science, 44; and physics, 44; Egyptian, 16-7; firm grounding, 140; Pythagoreans' interest in, 43, 44; stressed in Academy, 140; to be learned second, 229
  • Matter: 260, 266; prime, 257
  • Maximus of Tyre: 338
  • Medes: 15
  • Meeting: of Socrates, Parmenides and Zeno, 161
  • Megarian school: 131-2
  • Meletus: chief accuser of Socrates, 112, 114
  • Melissus of Samos: 53, 58, 62-4; fl. 441-440 B.C., 62; divisibility of spherical being, 63; fallaciousness of reasoning, 63; Italian philosopher, 62; on finitude of being, 62-3
  • Memorabilia (Xenophon): 110, 131
  • Memory: 143
  • Men: races of, 11-2
  • Menedemus: 132
  • Menexenus (Plato): 145
  • Meno: description of Plato, 119; (Plato): 119, 145
  • Mental image: 235-6
  • Mental states: 153, 155
  • Mercury: 186
  • Metaphysical dialogues of Plato: 160; content of, 161
  • Metaphysical interpretation of dialectic in Parmenides: 166
  • Metaphysics (Aristotle): 5-6, 16, 19, 218, 222, 224-6, 230, 233, 235, 260, 269, 337; (Aristotle): 65, 222, 225-6
  • Meteorological matters: 189
  • Method of hypothesis: 150
  • Metrodorus: 307
  • Milesian philosophers: 34
  • Miletus: 15; "school," 20
  • Mind (Nous): 81-3, 92, 343, 347-52; all things are directed by, 82; governs universe, 149; is cause, 113; withdrawal into itself: 151; working, in universe, 150; See also Nous
  • Mist: 23
  • Modesty: 121
  • Mitylene: 107
  • Monism: 176
  • Moon: 186
  • Moralia (Plutarch): 337
  • Moral actions, 159
  • Morality, 198-215; structure of, 181
  • Motion: 59, 177, 263-4; is eternal, 264; quantitative parts of, 264; related notions, 264; unity and oppositions of, 264; Zeno's arguments against, 60; of Animals (Aristotle), 222
  • Mount Etna: 136
  • Mount Olympus: 11
  • Multiplicity: 53, 55, 58, 59
  • Muses: 8
  • Musical intervals: expressed in numerical ratios, 42
  • Musical scale: attributes expressible in numbers, 44
  • Mysticism: 151
  • Myth: 3, 5; (mythos): definition of, 222-3; (philomythos): 222
  • Mythos (myth): definition of, 222-3
  • Myths: of barbarians, 12

    N

  • Natural doctrine: of Plato, 180-92
  • Natural intelligence: 143
  • Natural philosophy: 31, 149
  • Natural Questions (Seneca): 323
  • Natural science: See Science of nature
  • Natural world: 36, 65, 140; knowledge of, 251; Plato's views on, 180
  • Nature: 20, 260-3; boundless, doctrine of Anaximander, 21-4; common, binding all men together, 106; definition, 260; first known written account of, 21; harmony with, 319-20; philosophy of, 250-69
  • Nausiphanes: 326
  • "Nautical Star Guide, The:" 17
  • Neoplatonic interpretation of dialectic in Parmenides, 166
  • Neoplatonism: 337, 339-61; after Plotinus, 356-61
  • Neopythagoreanism: 339-40
  • Neopythagoreans: 340
  • New Academy: 324-38; See also Academy
  • Nicomachian Ethics (Aristotle), 222, 229, 269-84
  • Nicomachus, son of Aristotle: 216
  • Nicomachus, father of Aristotle: 216
  • Nicomachus of Gerasa: 45, 339; Introduction to Arithmetic, 339-40
  • Night: 9
  • Nile: 16
  • Nile delta: 19
  • Noesis/episteme (knowledge): 155; (water): 67,70
  • Non-physicists: 254
  • Non-philosophy: 3-4, 222
  • Non-physical being: 57
  • Nouns: 238; definition, 238; indefinite, 239
  • Nous: Anaxagoras' doctrine on, 81-3; exception to dictum that everything is in everything, 81; given as cause of separating off, 82; infinite and self-ruled, 81; motive force behind revolution, 81; (mind): 81-3, 92, 343, 347-52
  • Number: 214; elements of, 44, 46, 47; whole nature of, 42
  • Numbers: as primary stuff, 44; even, 47; Forms, 192; have magnitude, 50; have unity, 192; identified with sound, 42; identified with things, 42, 43; linear, 45; mathematical, 46, 192; mathematical, 192; oblong, even and unlimited, 46; odd, 47; plane, 45; solid, 45
  • Numenius of Apameia: 340
  • Numerical ratios: identification with
  • sounds, 48; musical intervals expressed in, 42
  • Nutritive power: 267
  • Nymphs: 10

    O

  • Objects: 150, 155
  • Objects of mathematics: 191-92;
  • Objects: three classes of, 142
  • Ocean: 19
  • Ode of the Intimations of Immortality: 152
  • Odyssey, Homer: 7
  • Oeconomicus (Xenophon): 131
  • Of the End (Epicurus): 298
  • Okeanos: 7
  • Oligarchy: 208
  • Olympian gods: 7-13; genealogy, 32; sequence of generation, 9, 28
  • Olympian religion: 12
  • Olympians: See Olympian gods
  • Olympiodorus: 358, 361
  • Olympus: 7
  • On being (Protagoras): 99
  • On Democritus (Aristotle): 87
  • On General Mathematical Science (Iamblichus): 358
  • On Generation and Corruption (Aristotle): 222
  • On Human Life (Epicurus): 298
  • On Inquiry (Aenesidemus): 334
  • On Interpretation (Aristotle): 222, 231, 237-44, 318
  • On Logic: Zeno of Citium, 309
  • On Mind (Lucippus): 84
  • On Nature (Anaximander): 21; (Diogenes): 93; (Empedocles): 65-72; (Epicurus): 298; (Heracletus): 33; (Prodicus): 104; (Xenophanes): 27
  • On Not-being or on Nature (Gorgias): 102
  • On Philosophy (Aristotle): 220, 221
  • On the Heaven (Aristotle): 222
  • On the Nature of Man (Prodicus): 104
  • On the Gods (Protagoras): 99
  • On the Planets (Democritus): 84
  • On the Soul (Aristotle): 220, 222, 229, 265-9
  • On truth (Protagoras): 99
  • One, the: 59, 161, 165, 343, 348-52; and the Many: problem of, 161-6
  • One being: properties of, 54ff
  • Opinion: 153, 182; and knowledge, 153; division from knowledge, 154; (doxa): 171; false, 171-4; false, definition, 174-5; true, 171-9; way of, as depicted by Parmenides, 52, 57-8
  • Opposition of proposition: doctrine of, 241
  • Order and methodology: importance of, 255
  • Organon (Aristotle): 230-1; (Aristotle): plurality of works in, 231
  • Orphic religious doctrines, 151
  • Osphicism: 76
  • Ouranos (Sky): 7-8
  • Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Sextus Empiricus): 336

    P

  • Pain: 129
  • Panaetius of Rhodes: 309
  • Pamphilus: 297
  • Paradox of the liar: 131-32
  • Parallel Lives of Illustrious Greeks and Romans (Plutarch): 337
  • Parmenidean dilemma: 56, 83, 252-3
  • Parmenidean poem: 51ff; methodology, 56; prologue, 51ff
  • Parmenidean sphere of being, 56, 57, 102
  • Parmenidean way of truth, 52ff, 68, 75-6, 92
  • Parmenides of Elea: 161-6, 174; attempt to reconcile being and nonbeing, 53-5; confronted, 258-60; denies possibility of change, 252; denies science of nature, 250; doctrine about world around, 57, 252; doctrine, as reflected in poem, 51ff; doctrine of, 252; doctrine utterly arbitrary, 53; fl. about 475 B.C., 50; inquiry into falsity and truth, 52ff; interested in Theory of Ideas, 162; interrogates young Socrates, 161; natural doctrine of, 58; on finitude of being, 55, 62-3; pupil of Xenophanes, 51; Pythagorean, 51; rejects dualism of Pythagorean doctrines, 56; source of being, 54; way of opinion, 52, 57-8, 254; way of truth, 52ff, 68, 75-6, 92
  • Parmenides (Plato): 50, 59, 134, 145, 160
  • Participation: 177; involves infinite regress: 163-5; limited, 178
  • Particulars: 180, 182
  • Patroclus: 6
  • Parts of Animals (Aristotle): 222
  • Parva Nuturalia (Aristotle): 222
  • Pausanias: 66
  • Peleus: 8
  • Peloponnesian war: 135
  • Pentateuch, The: 341
  • Perception: Protagoras statement on, 99-100
  • Pericles: 98
  • Perictione: 134
  • Persaeus: 308
  • Persian Magi: considered agnostics, 99
  • Peripatetics: 307
  • Persian Magi: Protagoras taught by, 98-99
  • Persian monarchy: 210
  • Persuasism: art of, 100
  • Phaedo (Plato): 82, 113, 115-8, 145, 148-51, 220
  • Phaedrus (Plato): 145
  • Phaenasete: 111
  • Philebus (Plato): 145
  • Philip of Macedon: 216
  • Philiponus, Johannes: 361
  • Philo Judaeus: 341
  • Philo of Athens: 327
  • Philo of Larisa: 334
  • Philolaus: 41; "harmony of the spheres," 49
  • Philomythos (myth): 222
  • Philosopher: compared with lawyer, 170; definition, 174; (Philosophus): 222
  • Philosophers: as rulers, 206-7
  • Philosophical sciences: order among, 228-30
  • Philosophy: and non-philosophy, 222; arises from wonder, 223; definition of, 224; First, 228-30, 284-96; indispensable first part, 298-9; love of wisdom, 224; meant to purify religion, 4; moral and political, 269-84; natural: See Philosophy of nature; nature and division of, 222-3Q.
  • Philosophy of nature: 31, 149, 250-69; bulk of Aristotle's writings devoted to, 250; historical background, 251-4
  • Philosophy: ordered whole of sciences, 230; origins of, 3ff; practical, division of, 228; preparation for death, 193; quarrel with poetry, 4-6; six parts of, 310; speculative and practical, 225-7; Stoic division of, 231; study of death, 115; theoretical, division of, 227-8
  • Phronesis: 221
  • Phynacus: 307
  • Physical things: definition, 260-1
  • Physical universe: 183
  • Physical world: 58
  • Physics: 260, 301-3, 310, 316-8; 260; and mathematics, 44; of Stoics: 316-8; (Aristotle): 21, 222, 250, 253-4, 260, 264-5; (Simplicius)
  • Physiology: human, 189
  • Piety: 147-8
  • Pistis (belief): 155
  • Place: definition, 264
  • Planets: 10, 186
  • Plants: 267
  • Plato: Academy founded by, 137; Apology, 112-15, 145; aristocratic connections, 134; authentic dialogues: 145; birth, 134; Charmides, 120-3, 145, 147; claim to greatness, 134; Cosmology, 189; Cratylus, 145; crisis in thought, 160-80; Critias, 145; Crito, 145; death, 134; denies science of nature, 250; dialogues: See Dialogues of Plato; distaste for democracy, 135; Doctrine of Forms or Ideas, 118, 144, 147-60; doctrine of mathematical intermediates, 190-2; Epinomis, 145; Euthydemus, 130, 145; Euthyphro, 112, 147, 148; Euthyphron, 145; extensive travels, 136; family, 134, 136; First Philosophy, 284-96; follower of Socrates, 136; Gorgias, 145; head of Academy, 138; Hippias Maior, 145; Hippias Minor, 145; influence of Orphis and Pythagorean religious doctrines on, 151; involved in Syracusan government, 198; Ion, 145; knowledge is sensation, 168-71; Laches, 145, 147; Laws, 20, 145, 209-15; letters, 141-2; Lysis, 145; man and his work, 134-47; mathematical intermediates, doctrines of, 190-3; members of family in dialogues, 136; Menexenus, 145; Meno, 119, 145; method of introducing students to philosophy, 138-9; natural doctrine: 180-92; nature of soul, 193-8; on morality and politics, 198-215; no oral teaching given by, 144; Parmenides, 50, 59, 134, 145, 160; perhaps nickname, 134; Phaedo: 82, 113, 115-8, 145, 148-51, 220; Phaedrus, 145; Philebus, 145; political attitudes, 135-6; present at Socrates' trial, 136; Protagoras, 98, 124-9, 145; reasons for going to Sicily, 136-7; remark on unity of god, 30; Republic, 4, 134-5, 139-40, 144-6, 150, 153-60, 180, 199-209; search for definitions, 158-9; search for truth, 140; Socratic dialogues: See Dialogues of Plato: Socratic; Sophist, 145, 160, 174-80; Statesman, 145, 160, 179-80, 183; Symposium, 145; Theaetetus, 119, 145, 160, 166-74; Timaeus, 134, 145, 180-90, 337; unwritten doctrine, 144; view of man, 192-215; views on natural world, 180; voyage to Sicily, 136; writings, 141-7
  • Platonic Academy: See Academy
  • Platonic dialetic: 140
  • Platonic doctrine: 142, 143, 309; fundamental: See Doctrine of Forms
  • Platonic method: unity of, 145
  • Platonism: 217, 221
  • Platonists: 307
  • Platopolis: 341-2
  • Pleasure: 129; and pain, primacy of, 210; fulfillment of happy life, 303-4
  • Plotinus: 3, 338, 341-56; birth, 341; Enneads, The, 341-3; hope of founding Platopolis, 341-2
  • Plurality: 176
  • Plutarch of Athens: commentary on
  • Aristotle's De Anima, 358
  • Plutarch of Chaeronia: 71, 337; Lives, 337; Moralia, 337; Parallel Lives of Illustrious Greeks and Romans, 337
  • Plutocracy: 208
  • Plynacus: 307
  • Poetics (Aristotle): 6, 65, 222, 223, 231
  • Poetry: 3-6; and philosophy, relation between, 209; quarrel with philosophy, 4-6
  • Poets: theological, 6-12
  • Points: bodies generated from, 47; geometrical, 46
  • Po emarchus: 199, 200
  • Polemo: 328
  • Polis: See Greek polis
  • Politics: 198-215, 310; (Aristotle): 222, 269-84
  • Polyclitus: 261
  • Polycrates: 40; Accusation of Socrates, The, 131
  • Polytheism: 29
  • Pontus: 9
  • Population of city: 211
  • Porphyry of Tyre: birth, 356; student of Plotinus, 341; summary of Pythagoras doctrine, 41
  • Poseidon: 7, 74
  • Posidonius: 334
  • Possibility: reality of, 132
  • Posterior Analytics (Aristotle): 222, 227, 231, 244-9
  • Potone: 134
  • Praxiphanes: 297
  • Preconceptions: 299-300
  • Predication: possibility of, 132
  • Prediction: 178
  • Premiss: definition, 242; demonstrative, 242; dialectical, 242; division into demonstration and dialectical, 242
  • Premisses: 242
  • Presocratic philosophy: 76
  • Presocratics: 110, 130, 254, 256, 308
  • Priam: 6
  • Pride (hybris): 7
  • Priests in Babylonia: 16
  • Prime mover: 221, 264, 269
  • Prime Mover: immobile and incorporeal, 264
  • Prior Analytics (Aristotle): 222, 231, 241-4, 247-8
  • Proclus: 16; birth, 358; commentaries, 358; Elements, 358; Elements of Physics, 358; Elements of Theology, 358 works on Plato's theology, 358
  • Procreation: 88
  • Prodicus of Ceos: 104-5, 109; concern with correct: terminology, 104-5; fl. end of 5th century, 104; on how gods arose, 105; On Nature, 104; On the Nature of Man, 104; Sophist, 104
  • Productive class: 207
  • Progression of Animals (Aristotle): 222
  • Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion: 13
  • Prometheus: 98-101, 109, 124-30
  • Properties of being: 54ff
  • Property: 249
  • Proposition or interpretation: 239-40
  • Propositions: compound, 240; having universal subject, 240-1; immediate, 248; simple, 240; truth or falsity of, 241
  • Protagoras of Abdera: 98-101, 109, 124-30; accused of impiety, 98; Antilogiae, 99; fl. in 5th century B.C., 98; On being, 99; On the Gods, 99; On Truth, 99; pupil of great atomist, 98; Refutatory Arugments, 99; sceptical doctrine of, 100-1; Sophist, 124; statement on perception, 99-100; statement that "Man is measure of all things," 98, 99-100; taught by Persian Magi, 98-99; writings, 98-9
  • Protagoras (Plato): 98, 124-9, 145
  • Protrepticus (Aristotle): 220-2
  • Psychology: 233
  • Public service: 208
  • Punishment for misdeeds: 75
  • Purifications (Empedocles): 65
  • Pyramids: measured by Thales, 16
  • Pyrrho of Elis: 324-7; birth, 324; founder of sceptics, 324
  • Pyrrhonian Discourses (Aenesidemus): 334
  • Pythagoras of Samos: 40-3 belief in identity between number and sound, 42; birth, 40; incommensurability of diagonal and side of square, 42, 43; son of Hermes, 43; theories of number, 42, 44-7; pupils, 40-1
  • Pythagorean communities: rules of conduct, 42
  • Pythagorean community: 41
  • Pythagorean cosmogony, 52; 46-7, 58 Pythagorean doctrines: 43-50; concerning pursuit of truth, 43; identification of things with numbers, 42; dualism of being and non-being, 56; magnitude of numbers, 46, 50; on formation of world, 48ff; role of opposites in world, 47; things are numbers and aggregates of unit-points, 59; view of extent of reality, 48; view of universe, 49, 50
  • Pythagoreans: 40-50; abstension from meat, 41; influential in southern Italy, 50; interest in mathematics, 43-50; renowed for secrecy, 41
  • Pythagorean mathematics: as cosmology, 48
  • Pythagorean religious doctrine, 151
  • Pythagorean society: 42, 137, 139; scientific contributions, 42
  • Pythagorean theorem: 41, 42, 43
  • Pythagoreanism: revival, 339-41
  • Pythias, daughter of Aristotle: 216; wife of Aristotle: 216

    R

  • Race track: impossibility of traversing, 60, 61-2
  • Real world: 183
  • Reality: structure of, 181
  • Reason: as depicted by Parmenides, 52ff
  • Reasoning or discourse: 232
  • Receptacle: arena of change, 188; identified with space, 189-90; likened to mother, 188
  • Recollection (anamnesis): 168, 194, 220
  • Reflections: 155
  • Refutatory Arguments (Protagoras): 99
  • Relativity: 35
  • Religion: 3; Greek primitive, 12-14; Cthonic, 12; earth, 12; Epicurus' attitude toward, 306; Olympian, 12
  • Remembering (anamnesis): 152
  • Republic (Plato): 4, 134-5, 139-40, 144-6, 150, 153-60, 180, 199-209
  • Rest: 177-8
  • Rhea: 7
  • Rhetoric: 66, 310, 311
  • Rhetoric (Aristotle): 65, 222, 231
  • Rituals: of barbarians, 12
  • Roman Empire: sway over Greece, 308
  • Roman Stoics: 322-3
  • Roots: See Elements
  • Rulers: 204; legislate in own interest, 200

    S

  • Samos: 40
  • Saturn: 186
  • Sceptics: 307, 324-38
  • School of Athens: 358
  • "School" of Croton: 41
  • School of Elis: 132
  • School of Eratria: 132
  • School of Isocrates: 137-8
  • School of Miletus: 20-1
  • School of Pergamon: 358
  • Science of nature: 250; and mathematics, 44; basic and contradictory assumptions, 253-4; dialectical summary, 254-5; historical background, 251-4; order of procedure, 250-1
  • Scripture: 185
  • Sea: 36
  • Seasons: 10
  • Second-best method of discovering true existence, 149-50, 156
  • Self-knowledge, 130
  • Self-nutrition: 266, 267
  • Seneca, L.Annaeus: birth, 323; death, 323; Dialogues, 323; Letters to Lucilius, 323; Natural Questions, 323; tragedies, 323
  • Sensation: 7 1-2; (aisthesis): 168; infallibility of, 298-9; Lucretius concentrates on, 299; mechanims of, 189; powerless to produce knowledge, 174
  • Sense and intellect: difference between, 268
  • Sense perception: Democritus' views on, 88; Parmenides' view of, 52ff; validity of, 56
  • Senses: external, 267; internal, 267
  • Sensible universe: fluidity of, 188
  • Sensuality: 151
  • Sensible things: 151-2
  • Sensible world: 183; arena of change, 180; cause, 182
  • School of Plato: 138
  • School of Socrates: 131
  • Separating off: 81; Anaxagoras' theory of, 80; Anaximander's theory of, 23, 25; Nous given as cause of, 82
  • Seven sages: called Sophists, 98
  • Sextus Empiricus: 51, 132, 312, 333, 336-7; Adversus Mathematicos, 336; Outlines of Pyrrhonism, 336
  • Sexual morality: 211
  • Shadows, 155
  • Sicily: Plato's visits to, 136-7
  • Sight: 267
  • Simmias: 195
  • Simonides: 199
  • Simplicius: 51; commentary on Aristotle's Physics, 21; Physics, 25
  • Sins, of parents: visited upon children, 197
  • Sky: 10; (Ouranos): 7-8
  • Smell: 267
  • Snake god of the Cthonic religion: 28
  • Society: corrupt, 198; entrusted to philosophers, 198
  • Socrates: 5, 50, 109-33, 143, 181; accepts death verdict, 114, 115; accused of atheism, 114; accusers of, 112; attachment to Athens, 109; belief in immortality, 193; birth, 109; called Sophist, 109; character, 112-7; charged with pederasty, 116; charges against, 112ff; concern with universals, 130; death, 50, 109, 111, 112, 115-7, 136; death, description of, 116-7; doctrine, 117-30; doctrine of Forms, 118; ethical doctrine, 118; factual, 112; his life, 109; historical, 145-6; ideal state: See Ideal state; inner voice, 115; interested in problems of state, 198; irony of, 119; lampoon by Aristophanes, 110; maieutic art, 119, 120; meaning attached to knowledge, 124-30; method of questioning, 167; midwifery (maieutic), 167-8, 175; of Platonic dialogues, 110-1; of Xenophon, 111; philosophical activity, 117; Pythagorean and Orphic attitudes, sympathy with, 116; reply to his accusers, 112; search for definitions, 118; Sophist, teaching for fee, 113; trances, 116; trial, 112; view of philosophizing, 130; wisdom, 119; wrote nothing, 110; writings about, 110
  • Socratic dialogues: See Dialogues of Plato: Socratic
  • Socratic legends: 111
  • Socratic method: 119, 120-1
  • Socratic Problem: 110-2, 145
  • Socratic schools: 130-3
  • Solon: 134, 181
  • Sophist: definitions, 174-5; (Plato): 145, 160, 174-80
  • "Sophistes": earlier definition of, 97
  • Sophistical Refutations (Aristotle): 222, 231
  • Sophocles: 109
  • Sophroniscus: 111
  • Sophrosyne (wisdom), 121
  • Sophists: 37, 94-108; assessment, by Plato and Aristotle, 108; concern with man, 95; connotation of word, 97-8; dialectic, largely fallacious, 108; doctrines, as exercises in method, 107; education of men by, 97; flourish in Greek polls, 96; live by their wits: 96; paid teachers, 97-8, 110; training men for life in polis, 106, 109; wanderers, 96; term of abuse or denigration, 97
  • Soul: 177, 193-8, 343-8; basic type of, 267; composed of atoms: 89; creation of, 190; definition, 196, 220, 265-7; determinate type of, 265; exists before birth, 194; first birth of, 187; genus containing, 265; Heraclitus' remarks about, 38-9; human, 267, 268; immortality of, 193-7; imprisoned in body, 182; Intellective, immortal and eternal, 268; nature and properties of, 265; nature of, 193-8; parts of, 265-6; parts or faculties of, 267; pervades universe, 19-20; rational part immortal, 197; setting free of, 75; structure of: mode[ for ideal state, 180-1; substantial form of living body, 266; three parts of, 196, 198; threefold division of, 196; world, 185
  • Souls: animal, 267; guide heavenly bodies, 214; transmigration of, 41, 73
  • Sound: identified with number, 42
  • Source (genesis): 7
  • Species: 175
  • Speech (logos): 239
  • Speusippus: 137, 138, 217; head of Academy, 134, 138
  • Sphere: description of, 70; of being: 56, 57, 74-75, 102; well rounded: 176
  • Spheres: See also "Harmony of the spheres," 49
  • Spherical being: divisibility of, 63
  • Stars: 10
  • State: 90
  • States of mind: See Mental states
  • Statesman (Plato), 145, 160, 179-80, 183
  • Stilpo: the Megarian, 131, 308, 327
  • Stoa: 331
  • Stoa poikile: 308
  • Stoic division of philosophy: 231
  • Stoic doctrine of categories: 312-3
  • Stoic katalepsis, 327, 328
  • Stoicism: 132, 307, 308
  • Stoics: 36, 307-23
  • Stoics: Roman, 322-3; theory of end of world, 36
  • Strife: 35, 37, 69
  • Structure of morality: 181
  • Structure of reality: 181
  • Styx: 19
  • Substance: 234-5, 256-7; threefold sense of, 266
  • Sun: 38, 186; ordered movement of, 213-4; role in visible world, 155; source of light, 154
  • Sun / Good: 157
  • Survival: 71
  • Syllogism: demonstrative, definition, 246; demonstrative, nature of premisses, 247-8
  • Syllogisms: definition, 242; demonstrative, 241-2, 245; demonstrative or scientific, 244; perfect and imperfect, relationship between, 242; subject and predicate of, 243-4
  • Symmias: 115
  • Symposium (Plato): 145; (Xenophon): 116, 131
  • Syracusan Tyrants: 136-7
  • Syrannus; 358
  • Syrian school: 357
  • Syrianus: commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics

    T

  • Tartarus: 9
  • Taste: 267
  • Teachers: fees, 98; travelling, Sophists as, 98
  • Teisias: author of first textbook of rhetoric, 101
  • Temperance: 120-1, 204, 205; definitions, 121; is a science, 121
  • Terms: relation of, 243
  • Tethys: 19
  • Thales of Miletus: 3-4, 15-20; anecdote by Plato concerning, 17-8; Aristotle's view of, 18-20; doctrines of, 18-20; first philosopher, 3, 4, 15, 18, 19; fl. sixth century B.C., 16; knowledge of astronomy, 15-7; Ionian, 27; knowledge of Geometry, 16-7; measurement of pyramids, 16; mythical figure, 20; predecessors called non-philosophers, 3; prediction of eclipse of sun, 15-7; one of seven sages of ancient world, 15; reputation and importance, 17; (water): 34
  • Theadorus: 167, 174
  • Theaetetus, 174; (Plato): 119, 145, 160, 166-74
  • Themis: 10
  • Theogony: Hesiod: 28
  • Theological poets: 6-12
  • Theology: 214, 310
  • Theon of Smyrna: 338
  • Theophrastus: 21, 66, 328
  • Theses: either suppositions (hypotheses) or definitions, 248
  • Things: universal and singular,
  • distinction between, 240
  • Thinking: 155
  • Thirty Tyrants: 198
  • Thought: identified with flow of blood, 72; true existence revealed in, 151
  • Thracians: 28
  • Thrasymachus of Chalcedon: 105, 200; Great Text book, 105; Sophist, 105; Subjects for Oratory, 105; view of justice, 105
  • Thucydides: 109
  • Thunderbolt: 38
  • Timaeus (Plato), 134, 145, 180-90, 337; most influential writing, 182; treated as Scripture, 185
  • Timaes of Locris: 181; astronomer, 181; discusses nature of universe, 181
  • Time and heaven: interdependent, 186
  • Time: beginning of: 184; definition, 264
  • Timocracy: 208
  • "Timon and Hades:" 327
  • Timon of Phlius: 324, 326-8; Images, 327; prolific writer, 327; Lampoons (Silli), 327
  • Titans:
  • Topics (Aristotle): 64, 222, 231, 249
  • Touch: 267
  • Transmigration of souls:
  • Treatises (Aristotle): 218, 221-2; consequent on Aristotle's Physics, 264-5
  • Trilogy of Platonic Dialogues: depicting forming of world, 180-1
  • Troy: fall of:
  • True existence: revealed in thought, 151; second-best way of discovering, 149-50, 156
  • Truth (Antiphon the Sophist), 105; criterion of, 311-2; pursuit of, 43; way of: as depicted by Parmenides, 52ff, 68, 75-6, 92; way of: Empedocles on, 68; Parmenidean, 52ff, 68, 75-6, 92; or falsity: 237-8
  • Typhaeus:
  • Tyrants: success of, 201; Syracusan, 137; Thirty, 198

    U

  • Units: arithmetical, 45, 46; configurations in space, 46; have spatial magnitude, 46
  • Unity of God: 29-30
  • Unity of opposites: 37
  • Universals: 236-7
  • Universe: 38; Anaximanders picture of, 21-4; anthropomorphic interpretation, 95; nature of, 181; Pythagorean view of, 49, 50; working of mind in, 150

    V

  • Venus: 186
  • Verbs: definition, 238
  • Virtue: 119-20, 273-4, 355; and knowledge, 277-81; and knowledge,
  • identification of, 124-30; moral, acquisition of, 274-5; moral, definition of, 275-6; taught by Sophists, 97; four, 204
  • Visibilia: 155
  • Void: 264

    W

  • War: 35; need for, 203
  • Water: 34, 70, 187; (nestis): 67; primacy of, 18
  • Way of Opinion (Parmenides), 254
  • Wind: encloses whole world, 27
  • Winds: 10
  • Wisdom: 34-5, 38, 204, 205; and knowledge, 121-2; definition, 121-2, 224; is a science, 121; love of, 228; (sophrosyne): 121
  • Wise man: characteristics of, 225
  • Women: 206; education of, 211
  • Works and Days (Hesiod): 11-12
  • World: 35; beginning in time: 184; coming into being, 9; common, to all awake, 38; consumed by fire, 367; divided into sensible things and Forms, 152; end of, 36-7; formation of: See Formation of world; of Homer, 12; private, of men asleep, 38; See also Created world; Natural world; Physical world; Sensible world; World of Forms, etc.
  • World body: 185-6
  • World of Forms: 183, 189-91
  • World soul: 185, 190

    X

  • Xanthippe: 111, 162
  • Xenocrates: 137, 138, 217, 308
  • Xenophanes of Colophon: 4, 15, 29-32; affirmative remarks about god: 29; analogue for Sophists, 96; anecdote concerning Pythagoras, 41; birth, 27; complaints concerning Olympian gods, 28-9; concern with conduct, 95; divinity, major concern of, 29; contribution to philosophical theology, 31; divinity should not be localized, 28; doubts about sense perception, 53; (earth): 34; founder of Italian or Eleatic school of philosophy, 27; criticism of poets, 32; Ionian, 27; natural philosophy, 31; On Nature, 27; poet, 27; remarks on unity of god, 29-30; view of divine, 53
  • Xenophon: Apology, 131; birth, 131; concerned with defending Socrates, 110; Cyropaideia, 131; Memorabilia, 110, 131; Oeconomicus, 131; Symposium, 131 382

    Z

  • Zeno of Citium: 307, 308, 328; birth, 308; founder of Stoicism, 132; On Logic, 309
  • Zeno of Elea: 50, 58-62, 174; arguments in favor of the One, 161; birth, 59; founder of dialectic or logic, 59, 66; four arguments against motion, 60-2; Pythagorean, 59; forty arguments against multiplicity, 59; traversal of finite space, 60-1
  • Zeus: 7-13, 38, 67, 74, 101
  • Zeus Meilichos: 13

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