Jacques Maritain Center :
A History of Western Philosophy Vol. I /
by Ralph McInerny
Antisthenes: 132;
founder of Cynics, 132
Anytus: accuser of Socrates, 112, 114
Aphrodite: 7, 69, 74
Apollodorus: 117
Apology (Plato): 112-15, 145
Apology (Xenophon): 131
Apuleius of Madaura: 338
Aquinas, St. Thomas: 267
Arabic authors: writings from, 219
Arcesilaus: 308, 327-31;
birth, 328
Archedemus: 137
Archytas: 136, 137
Ares: 7, 74
Argument: 314-6;
contentious, fallacious or apparent, 249;
definition, 314
Arian: 323;
Discourses, 323;
Enchiridion, 323
Aristippus of Cyrene: 131, 133
Aristo: 311
Aristocles: 134
Ariston: 134
Aristophanes: 9, 109;
Clouds, 109;
lampoon of Socrates, 110
Aristotelian doctrine: 309
Aristotelianism: 217;
opposed to Platonism, 218
Aristotle: 6;
account of Pythagorean doctrines, 43-50;
accounts of Thales' doctrines, 18-20;
acromatic works, 220, 221;
appraisal of Empedocles, 65-6;
appraisal of Melissus of Samos, 63;
birth, 216;
Categories, 222, 2317, 337;
change in mind, 218;
criticism of Plato's language, 223-4;
De Caelo: 49, 50, 57;
death is return of soul to home, 220;
dialogues, 218-21;
division of practical philosophy, 228-30;
division of theoretical philosophy, 227-8;
doctrine of opposition of proposition, 241;
early writings, 221;
Eudemian Ethics, 118, 222, 228;
Eudemus, 220;
evolution in thought, 218;
exoteric works, 219;
First Philosophy, 228-30, 284-96;
Generation of Animals, 222;
History of Animals, 222;
importance of order and methodology, 255;
influence on Alexander the Great, 2 16-17;
interest in everything said by predecessors, 250;
interest in nature, 219;
judgment of Xenophanes, 30-1;
logical works, 230-49;
lost works, fragments of, 220;
man and his work, 216-22;
Metaphysics, 5-6, 16, 19, 218, 222, 224-6, 230, 233, 235, 260, 269, 337;
Meteorologica, 65, 222, 225-6;
moral and political philosophy, 269-84;
Motion of Animals, 222;
nature and division of philosophy, 222-30;
Nicomachian eihlcs, 222, 229, 269-84;
on Anaxogoras' doctrine of Nous or Mind, 81;
On Democritus, 87;
On Generation and Corruption, 222;
On Interpretation, 222, 231, 237-44, 318;
On Philosophy, 220, 221;
On the Heaven, 222;
On the Soul, 220, 222, 229, 265-9;
order among philosophical sciences, 228-30;
order of procedure in natural science, 250-1;
Organon, 230-1;
Organon, plurality of works in, 231;
Parts of Animals, 222;
Parva Naturalia, 222;
philosophy of nature, 31, 149, 250-69;
Physics, 21, 222, 250, 253-4, 260, 264-5;
Platonist period 217;
Plato's greatest pupil, 217;
Poetics, 6, 65, 222, 223, 231;
Politics, 222, 269-84;
Posterior Analytics, 222, 227, 231, 244-9;
Prior Analytics, 222, 231, 241-4, 247-8;
Progression of Animals, 222;
Protrepticus: 220-2;
Rhetoric, 65, 222, 231;
sciences of nature, 250;
science of nature, order of procedure, 250-1;
Sophistical Refutations, 222, 231;
speculative and practical philosophy, 225-7;
stages of development, 221;
statement on doctrine of Forms, 147;
student in Academy, 138, 216;
study of Gorgias, 104;
"system" came to him whole, 218;
Topics, 64, 222, 231, 249;
treatises, 218, 221-2;
true heir of Plato, 217;
view of philosophy, 230;
writings, 218
Arithmetic: 44-5, 158
Arrow: The, 61
Artisans: 204
Asclepiad society:
Assertions: elements of, 232
Assumptions: basic and contradictory, in natural science, 253-4
Astronomy: 158, 214;
Thales' knowledge of, 15-7
Atheists: 212, 213
Athene: 7, 101
Academy: See Academy;
democracy: 210;
Socratic Society: 146;
stranger: 209
Athenians: 181
Athens: champion of empire, 109;
sea power, 210
Atlantis: isle of, 181;
myth of, 190
Atomism: 84-108;
and modern history, 252-3;
doctrine of Leucippus and Democritus, 84-5;
motivation for doctrine of, 85-6;
reaction of Empedocles and Anaxagoras to, 85
Atomists: belief that world came about by chance, 88
Atoms: defintion of, 86;
imperceptible, 88;
movement of, 86-7;
only things that really are, 87, 88;
structure of, 89;
weight of, 86
Augustine, St.: 184
B
Babylon: wisdom of, 16
Barbarians: myths and rituals, 12
Beauty: 153
Becoming: and perishing, 68, 76;
beginning of, 184;
unqualified, 257
Being: 178;
and becoming, 187;
and not-being: 170, 174-9;
does not move, 55;
finitude of, 55, 62-3;
ingenerable and incorruptible, 55;
is finite, 55, 62-3;
is one, 165;
monolithically unique body, 58;
non-physical, 57;
properties of, 54 ff;
source of, 54
Beings: atoms, as irreducible elements of, 86
Belief: See Knowledge
Blood: as thought, 72
Bodies: compounded of atoms, 86;
generated from points, 47;
living, 267;
living natural, 266;
mathematical and physical, identification of, 60;
physical, and geometrical solids, 47;
physical, composed of points having magnitude, 60
Body: definition of, 266;
organic, 266;
solid, 47;
triumph over, 153;
world, 185-6
Boethius: commentaries on Porphyry's Introduction to Aristotle's Categories, 229
Boundless, the: 34;
doctrine of Anaximander: 21-4
Briseis: 8
Bryson: 324
C
Caesar: 131;
Anabasis, 131
Caldean Oracles: 358-9
Calipus: 137
Callias: 98
Cannon, The (Epicurus): 298
Canonic: 298-300
Carneades of Cyrene, 331-3;
birth, 331
Carpenter: 167
Categories: 312-4
Categories (Aristotle): 222, 231-7, 337
Causes (Democritus): 84;
four types of, 261
Cave: allegory of, 153, 157-8
Cebes: 115, 193
Celsus: 338
Cephalus: 199
Chaerephon: 113
Chalcidius: 182
Chance: 2, 91, 261-2;
analysis of, 262-3
Change: analysis of, 256;
Anaxagoras' Paradoxical doctrine of, 79-81;
ceaseless, 182;
in realm of art, 257-8;
principle of, 26, 251
Changeable being: principles of, 255-8
Chaos: 9
Charmides: 120-1, 134
Charmides (Plato): 120-3, 145, 147
Children: 211
Choice and deliberation: 277
Christ: 16
Christianity: 358;
history of, 307
Christians: 357
Church: entry of philosophers into, 361
Chrysippus: 307, 308, 331;
death, 309
Cicero: 307;
De senectute, 199
Circle: 148, 191;
knowledge of, 142-3, 148
City: planning of, 209;
population of, 211
City-state: See Greek polis
Cleanthes: 307, 308
Cleinias: 212
Cleon: 107
Clitomachus: 332-34
Clouds (Aristophanes): 109
Cobbler: 167
Colophon: 27
Commerce: 211-2
Conjecture: 182
Conservation of resources: 212
Contemplation: 283-4
Contests: 211
Continuum: 264
Contradiction: principle of, 100
Contrariety: involved in change, 254-5
Corpus Hermeticum: 340
Corruption: 22
Cosmic cycle: 69
Cosmogony: 9, 12
Cosmography (Democritus): 84
Cosmology:
of Diogenes of Apollonia, 93-4;
of Empedocles, 69;
Pythagorean, 46-7, 58;
(Plato): 189
Cosmos: 20
Courage: 204, 205;
definition: 204
Craftsmen: 212
Crantor: 328
Crates of Thebes: 133, 328
Cratylus: 37, 136
Cratylus: (Plato): 145
Created world: perfection of, 182
Creation: 70-1, 181
Creation of time: 186
Creator: 182;
See also Demiurge
Crimes against state: 212
Critias: 121-3, 134, 181
Critias (Plato): 145
Crito: 117
Crito (Plato): 145
Critolaus: 331
Croesus, King: 17
Croton: 40-1
Cthonic deities: 12
Cthonic religion: 12;
snake god, 28
Cycle of incarnations: 73-5
Cycle of the Great Year: 36
Cynics: 132-3, 307;
doctrines of, 132-3;
mode of life, 133
Cyrenaic socratic school: 133
Cyropaideia (Xenophon):
D
Daemons: 20
Damascius: 360
Day: 9
De Anima (Democritus), 89
De Caelo (Aristotle): 49, 50, 57
De Rerum Natura (Lucretius): 66
De Senectute (Cicero): 199
Death:
neither good nor evil: 303;
not instantaneous, 88;
releases the soul, 198;
return of soul to home, 220
Deception: 172
Definition: definition of, 311
Definitions: search for (Plato), 158-9
Delphic oracle: 114, 115
Demiurge (maker), 183-4;
motive in fashioning world, 184-5;
See also Creator
Democracy: 208;
cannot rule empire, 107;
Plato's distaste for, 135
Democritean ethics: 90-2;
independent of atomism, 91
Democritus: 84;
accounts for man's belief in gods, 89-90;
Causes, 84;
Cosmography, 84;
De Amina, 89;
doctrine of atomism, 84-5;
Little World Order, The, 84;
on role of chance in human affairs, 91;
On the Planets, 84;
plenum and void, 252;
works, 84
Demonstration: 244;
circular, 248-9
Demonstrative science: 241-2;
syllogism: 241
Desires: differences between, 303, 305
Despotic or tyrannical government: 208
Destruction: 22
Dialectic: 66, 159, 165, 179, 310, 311;
definition, 156, 311, 313;
founded by Zeno of Elea, 59, 66;
Platonic, 140;
See also Logic
Dialecticians, 160
Dialogues of Aeschines: 131
Dialogues of Aristotle: 218-21
Dialogues of Plato: 111, 134, 136, 141, 144-6;
authentic, 145;
chronology, 145;
metaphysical, 160;
purpose or function of, 144;
Socratic: 111, 144, 146, 147
Dianoia (thinking): 155
Diodes: 313-4
Diodorus Cronus: 132
Diogenes Laertius: 15, 136, 220;
air as primary stuff, 25;
Empedocles works and feats recorded by, 65;
on perception, 299-300
Diogenes of Apollonia: 92-4;
cosmology of, 93-94;
fl. about, 440-430 B.C., 92;
eclectic doctrine, 93;
makes common nature, air, 93;
natural philosophers, 92;
On Nature, 93
Diogenes of Babylon: 331
Diogenes of Selencis: 309
Diogenes of Sinope: 133
Dion: 136-7
Dionysius: 131, 136-7
Dionysius II: 136-7, 142;
introduction to philosophy, 138-9
Disbelief: 213
Disciplines: five, 158;
mathematical, 158
Discourse (logos): 242-3
Discourse or speech (logos), 239
Discourses (Arian): 323
Diseases: 189
Dissoi logoi, or Twofold Arguments: anonymous work, 106
Divided Line: 153, 157
Divine: reconciliation of Greek and Oriental statements about, 99
Divine being:
Ionian doctrine of, 53;
Xenophanes view of, 53
Divinity: 20;
Empedocles' description of, 74;
should not be localized, 28
Doctrine of anamnesis: 186
Doctrine of Forms: 118, 144, 147-60, 179, 192, 206, 217, 220;
point of difference between Socrates and Plato, 147;
second-best way to discover Good, 149-51
Doctrine of Forms or Ideas: 118, 144, 192
Doctrine of Ideas: 159-66, 160-80
Doctrine of the One and the Many: 161-6
Doxa (opinion): 171
Dreams: 169
Dualism: 176;
of being and non-being, 56;
of Pythagorean doctrine, 56
E
Earth: 10, 34, 36, 70;
(Aidoneus): 67;
formation, 26;
(Gaia): 8;
gods: 12;
origin of heavenly bodies, 26;
shape, 26
East-of-Egypt: wisdom of, 16
Echecrates: 116
Eclectic Academy in Alexandria: 337
Eclipse of sun: Thales' prediction of, 16, 17
Ecpyrosis: 36-7;
arguments for and against, 36-7
Education: 203, 210, 211
Egypt: 16
Egyptian mathematics: 16-7
Egyptians: animal gods, 28
Eikasia (imaginary): 155
Elea: 27, 51
Eleatic logic: 78
Eleatic school of philosophy: 27, 30;
summary remarks, 63-4
Eleatic stranger: 174, 179
Eleatics: 57
Elements: 5, 34, 67-8, 70, 78;
as qualities or attributes, 188;
of number, 44, 46, 47;
principle of change among, 26
Elements (Euclid): 16
Elements of Physics (Proclus): 358
Elements of Theology (Proclus): 358
Elias: 220-1
Emotions of men: 10
Empedocles of Acragas: 51, 64-76;
cosmology of, 69;
description of divinity, 74;
doctrine of formation of world, 70;
explanation of love, 81-2;
father of rhetoric, 66;
fl. 450 B.C., 65;
influence of Parmenides on, 66-8;
interested in natural world and religion, 65;
on creation of living things, 70-1;
On Nature, 65-72;
on roots or elements of living things, 67, 70;
on way of truth, 68;
Purifications, 65, 72-6;
reputation for arrogance, 73;
writings, 65-6
Enchiridion (Arian): 323
End of world: 36-7
Enemies: do good to, 200
Enneads, the (Plotinus): 341-42
Epicrates: 140
Enneads, The (Plotinus): 341-2
Epictetus: 323
Epicurean physics: 301-3
Epicurean school: 297-8;
history, 307
Epicureanism: 297-307;
object of vituperation, 297;
traditional criticism of, 306
Epicurus: 307;
accepts atomic doctrine of Democritus, 301-2;
accusations leveled against, 297-8;
Athenian citizen, 297;
birth, 297;
Canon, The, 298;
defends criteria of truth in canonic, 302;
division of philosophy by, 298;
epitomy of physical doctrine, 301;
infallibility of sensation, 298-9;
Little Epitome, 298;
makes nature the guide, 304;
military service, 297;
Of the End, 298;
On Human Life, 298;
Of Nature, 298;
prolific author, 298;
teaching career, 297;
says wise man is not fatalistic, 304
Epinomis (Plato), 145
Equivocal things: 236
Erebus: 10
Eristic: of Sophists, 140
Eros: 10
Error: 172
Essence: of generated things, 261
Essential realities: 143, 147, 149, 191
Eternal flux school of thought, 37-8
Ethics: 303-7, 310, 318-22
Ethics: Democritean, 90-2
Ethiopians: 28
Eubulides of Miletus: 131-2
Euclid of Megara: 16, 167, 324;
Elements, 16
Eucides of Megara: 131
Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 118, 222,
228
Eudemus: 16
Eudemus (Aristotle): 220
Eudorus: 337;
commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics, 337;
commentary on the Timaeus, 337;
school of mathematics, 138
Euripides: 98, 109
Eurylochus: 327
Eurystratus of Miletus: 25
Euthydemus (Plato): 130, 145
Euthyphro (Plato), 112, 147, 148
Euthyphron (Plato), 145
Evil: 129
Evils besetting man: 10-1
"Existential affinity": 151
Explanation of sensation, 71-2
Expressions:
complex and incomplex, 231-2;
true and false, 232
F
Falsity or truth: 237-8
Fatalism: 304
Falsehood: 52ff;
way of, as depicted by Parmenides, 52ff
Father: 346
Feelings: 300
Finality: 263
Finite space: traversal of, 60-1
Fiitude of being: 55, 62-3
Fire: 23, 34, 35, 36, 38, 187;
(Hephaistos): 70
First philosopher (Thales of Miletus): 3, 4, 15, 18;
(Aristotle): 228-30, 284-96;
(Plato), 284-96
Floruit: 84
Foreknowledge: 244-6
Form: 224, 260, 261, 266;
of good: 180;
substantial, 258
Formation of world: 181;
account of, attributed to Leucippus, 87;
Anaxagoras' theory of, 80;
Empedocles' doctrine of, 70;
first stage, whirling vortex, 87-8;
Pythagorean doctrine of world, 48ff;
second stage, collision of atoms, 88;
story of, 180-1
Forms: 147-59, 179, 180;
doctrine of: See Doctrine of Forms;
moral, 152;
suggestion of hierarchy, 154;
mathematical, 152
Forms of numbers: hierarchy in, 192
Forms or Ideas: 180;
doctrine of: See Doctrine of Forms or Ideas;
structural universe, 179
Fortune: 262-3
Friends of ideas: identity of, 177
Friendship: 282-3;
role in Epicurean ethics, 305-6
G
Gaia (earth): 8
Gaius: 338
Galen: 18
Genera: 175, 178
Generation: 22
Generation of Animals (Aristotle): 222
Generation of world: See Formation of world
Genesis: 183
Genesis (source): 7
Genus: 249
Geometry: 167;
plane, 158;
solid, 158;
Thales' knowledge of, 16-7
Giants (sons of earth): 176-7
Glaucon: 134, 161, 202, 205, 208
Gnomon: 25
Gnosticism: 340
Gnostics: 341
God: 29, 337;
Judaeo-Christian, 30;
unity of, 29-30
God-Soul-Matter: basic stuff of things, 250
Gods: 4-5, 7-14, 20;
bought and won, 212;
denial of existence of, 212;
discussion about, 28-9;
earth, 12;
no concern for human affairs, 212, 214;
See also Olympian gods
Gold: 78, 188
Golden Age of Greek philosophy: 92, 110, 346;
ended, 74
Good: 129, 144, 149;
analogy to sun: 153;
primacy of, 185;
role in intelligible world, 155
Goodness: likened to sun, 207
Gorgias of Leontini: 101-4, 109;
embraces radical empiricism, 103;
fl. in 5th century B.C., 101;
On Not-being or on Nature, 102;
studies under Empedocles, 101;
teacher of rhetoric, 101;
textbook of rhetoric, 101;
three propositions in On Not-being or On Nature, 102-4
Gorgias (Plato): 145
Government: forms of, 208;
Plato's interest in, 135
Great World Order, The (Leucippus): 84
Great Year: 36
Greece: 16
Greek polis: 101, 106;
description of, 96-7;
milieu for Sophists, 96
Greek primitive religion: 12-4
Greeks: 3
Guardians: 204, 207, 208;
early training of, 203;
higher studies of, 156;
lead ascetic life, 204
H
Hades: 7, 92
Harmonics: 158
"Harmony of the spheres" (Philolaus): 49
Harmony with nature: 319-20
Harrison, Jane: Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, 13
Hate: 69
Hearing: 34, 267
Heavens: 23
Hector: 6
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: 230
Hegelian interpretation of dialectic in Parmenides: 166
Helenese: 181
Hephaestus: 101
Hephaistos (fire), 70
Hera: 7, 67
Heraclitus of Ephesus: 4, 15, 32-9;
arresting style, 33;
belief in Ecpyrosis, debatable, 36-7;
concern with change, 35, 53;
concern with conduct, 95;
critical of multitude, 32;
doubts about sense perception, 53;
ethical message of, 39;
(fire): 34;
founder of eternal flux school of thought, 378;
obscure utterances, 33;
On Nature, 33;
theory of end of world, 36;
view of natural world, 36;
wealth of quotations throughout ancient literature, 32
Hermarchus of Mytilene: 307
Hermes: 43
Hermes Trismegistus: 340
Hermeias: 216
Hermetic writings (Corpus Hermeticum): 340
Hermocrates: 181
Hermodorus: 136
Herodotus: 6, 109;
concerning transmigration of souls, 41
Hesiod: 4-14, 223;
Influence on Greeks, 6;
Theogony, 8-14;
Works and Days, 11-12
Hippasus of Metapontium: 42
Hippias Maior (Plato): 145
Hippies Minor (Plato): 145
Hippias of Elis: 98, 105, 109;
interested in squaring the circle, 105;
Sophist, 105
History of Animals (Aristotle): 222
Homer, 4-13;
Iliad, 6, 8;
influence on Greeks, 6;
Odyssey, 7, 8
Homeric deities: 28
Homeric epics: 7
Homicide: 212
Human body: composition of, 187
Human reproduction: 28
Human soul: 190;
ascent to highest condition, 208;
degradation of, 208
Hybris (pride): 7
Hypotheses: of geometer: 156;
definition, 156
Hypothesis: method of, 150
I
Iamblichus: 357;
Introduction to the Arithmetic of Nicomachus, 358;
On General Mathematical Science, 358
Idea: 148, 224;
definition of, 148;
synonymous with Form, 148;
See also Form
Idea-number: 221
Idea of Good: 159-60
Idea of knowledge: 164
Ideal: qualifications, 320-2
Ideal state: modelled after individual soul, 181;
plan of, 181;
political theory, 181
Ideas: absolute essences, 164;
as dwelling above the heavens, 159-60;
criticism of, 286;
doctrine of: See
Doctrine of Ideas;
of One and Many: 162, 165;
of which other things partake, 162-63
Ignorance: 153, 160
Iliad (Homer): 6, 8
Image makers: 167
Images: 155
Images: (Timon): 327
Imagination: 267
Imagining: 155
Immortality: 20;
as reward for moral virtue, 194;
of soul, 193-7
Incarnation: 42
Incontinence: 129
Infinity: 25;
definition, 264
Instruction: proceeds from pre-existent knowledge, 244
Intellect: passive and agent, 268
Intellectual faculties: 268
Intelligible nature: likened to father, 188
Interpretation:
definition, 238;
or proposition: 239-40
Interstices and "components": 252
Introduction to Arithmetic (Nicomachus): 340
Introduction to the Arthimetic of Nicomachus (Iamblichus): 358
Involuntary acts: 276-7
Ion (Plato): 145
Ionian natural philosophy: 95
Ionians: 14-40
Iris: 29
Isagoge: 357
Isocrates: 103-4
Italian philosophers: 40
Italian school of philosophy: 27
J
Jewish philosophers of antiquity: 341
Joy: 69
Judaeo-Christian God: 30
Judgment: 171
Julian, Emperor: 358
Jupiter: 186
Justice: 106-7, 204, 205, 281-2;
definition, 200;
in the state, 202-3;
is intrinsic good, 202;
Plato's views of, 199;
to be preferred to injustice, 201
Justinian, Emperor: 360-1
K
Knowing: is active, 177
Knowledge: 33, 34, 37-8, 119-23, 155;
absolute, 164;
and opinion, 153;
and virtue, 277-8 1;
as true opinion plus an account, 173-79;
definition, 166-8;
division from opinion, 154;
fixed, possibility of, 100;
is sensation, 168-71;
is sensation (aisthesis): 168;
is true opinion, 171-3;
of essential reality, 142-3;
of natural world, 251;
threefold division of, 225;
validity of, 110;
and belief: distinction between, 206;
and sensation: identification of, 170;
and virtue: identification of, 124-30;
of Good: highest possession, 153
Kronos: 7, 10, 11, 74
Kupris, Queen: 74
L
Laches (Plato), 145, 147
Lampoons (Timon): 327
Lampsacus: 110, 131
Land, 36
Laws, human, 107;
(Plato): 20, 145, 209-15
Lawyer: compared with philosopher, 170
Learning: 34, 168
Letters (Plato): 141-2
Letters to Lucilius (Seneca), 323
Legislation: 213
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm: 348
Leucippus: 84;
doctrine of atomism, 84-5;
Great World Order, The, 84;
On Mind, 84
Life: 20, 177
Life of man: evanescence of, 72
Life of polis: cynical attitude toward, 107
Light: 154
Little Bear: 17
Little Epitome (Epicurus): 298
Little World Order, The (Democritus): 84
Lives (Plutarch): 337
Living bodies: have souls, 177
Living species: first members of, 88
Living things: creation of, 70-1;
possess power of sensation, 267
Logic: 57, 310-6;
Aristotle's, 230-49;
division of, 311;
formal and material, 247;
nature and subject matter of, 231-7;
to be learned first, 228-9
Logical entities: 234
Logical interpretation of dialectic in
Parmenides: 166
Locomotion: 264
Logos: 32-4, 38-9;
(account): 173-4;
(account): assigned three meanings, 173;
(speech), 239
Love: 9, 10, 69, 74;
Empedocles' explanation of, 81-2
Lucretius: concentrates on sensation, 299;
De Rerum Natura, 66, 307
Lyceum: 216, 297
Lyco: accuser of Socrates, 112
Lycophron: 104
Lydians: 15
Lysis: 120
Lysis (Plato): 145
M
Macedonian ascendancy: 308
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius): 323
Magnitude: mathematical, 60;
of numbers, 46, 50
Maieutic: method of questioning, 167-8, 175
Maker (demiurge): 183, 184
Man: 100, 186, 353-56;
creation of, 181;
end of, 271-3;
five ages of, 11;
"is measure of all things." 98, 99-100;
origin of, 11;
Plato's view of, 192-215
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor: Meditations, 323
Marinus: 360
Mathematical intermediates, doctrine of (Plato): 190-3
Mathematical numbers: 192
Mathematical sciences: 156
Mathematicals: 155, 159
Mathematics: 214;
and natural science, 44;
and physics, 44;
Egyptian, 16-7;
firm grounding, 140;
Pythagoreans' interest in, 43, 44;
stressed in Academy, 140;
to be learned second, 229
Matter: 260, 266;
prime, 257
Maximus of Tyre: 338
Medes: 15
Meeting: of Socrates, Parmenides and Zeno, 161
Megarian school: 131-2
Meletus: chief accuser of Socrates, 112, 114
Melissus of Samos: 53, 58, 62-4;
fl. 441-440 B.C., 62;
divisibility of spherical being, 63;
fallaciousness of reasoning, 63;
Italian philosopher, 62;
on finitude of being, 62-3
Memorabilia (Xenophon): 110, 131
Memory: 143
Men: races of, 11-2
Menedemus: 132
Menexenus (Plato): 145
Meno: description of Plato, 119;
(Plato): 119, 145
Mental image: 235-6
Mental states: 153, 155
Mercury: 186
Metaphysical dialogues of Plato: 160;
content of, 161
Metaphysical interpretation of dialectic in Parmenides: 166
Metaphysics (Aristotle): 5-6, 16, 19, 218, 222, 224-6, 230, 233, 235, 260, 269, 337;
(Aristotle): 65, 222, 225-6
Meteorological matters: 189
Method of hypothesis: 150
Metrodorus: 307
Milesian philosophers: 34
Miletus: 15;
"school," 20
Mind (Nous): 81-3, 92, 343, 347-52;
all things are directed by, 82;
governs universe, 149;
is cause, 113;
withdrawal into itself: 151;
working, in universe, 150;
See also Nous
Mist: 23
Modesty: 121
Mitylene: 107
Monism: 176
Moon: 186
Moralia (Plutarch): 337
Moral actions, 159
Morality, 198-215;
structure of, 181
Motion: 59, 177, 263-4;
is eternal, 264;
quantitative parts of, 264;
related notions, 264;
unity and oppositions of, 264;
Zeno's arguments against, 60;
of Animals (Aristotle), 222
Mount Etna: 136
Mount Olympus: 11
Multiplicity: 53, 55, 58, 59
Muses: 8
Musical intervals: expressed in numerical ratios, 42
Musical scale: attributes expressible in numbers, 44
Mysticism: 151
Myth: 3, 5;
(mythos): definition of, 222-3;
(philomythos): 222
Mythos (myth): definition of, 222-3
Myths: of barbarians, 12
N
Natural doctrine: of Plato, 180-92
Natural intelligence: 143
Natural philosophy: 31, 149
Natural Questions (Seneca): 323
Natural science: See Science of nature
Natural world: 36, 65, 140;
knowledge of, 251;
Plato's views on, 180
Nature: 20, 260-3;
boundless, doctrine of Anaximander, 21-4;
common, binding all men together, 106;
definition, 260;
first known written account of, 21;
harmony with, 319-20;
philosophy of, 250-69
Nausiphanes: 326
"Nautical Star Guide, The:" 17
Neoplatonic interpretation of dialectic in Parmenides, 166
Neoplatonism: 337, 339-61;
after Plotinus, 356-61
Neopythagoreanism: 339-40
Neopythagoreans: 340
New Academy: 324-38;
See also Academy
Nicomachian Ethics (Aristotle), 222, 229, 269-84
Nicomachus, son of Aristotle: 216
Nicomachus, father of Aristotle: 216
Nicomachus of Gerasa: 45, 339;
Introduction to Arithmetic, 339-40
Night: 9
Nile: 16
Nile delta: 19
Noesis/episteme (knowledge): 155;
(water): 67,70
Non-physicists: 254
Non-philosophy: 3-4, 222
Non-physical being: 57
Nouns: 238;
definition, 238;
indefinite, 239
Nous:
Anaxagoras' doctrine on, 81-3;
exception to dictum that everything is in everything, 81;
given as cause of separating off, 82;
infinite and self-ruled, 81;
motive force behind revolution, 81;
(mind): 81-3, 92, 343, 347-52
Number: 214;
elements of, 44, 46, 47;
whole nature of, 42
Numbers: as primary stuff, 44;
even, 47;
Forms, 192;
have magnitude, 50;
have unity, 192;
identified with sound, 42;
identified with things, 42, 43;
linear, 45;
mathematical, 46, 192;
mathematical, 192;
oblong, even and unlimited, 46;
odd, 47;
plane, 45;
solid, 45
Numenius of Apameia: 340
Numerical ratios: identification with
sounds, 48;
musical intervals expressed in, 42
Nutritive power: 267
Nymphs: 10
O
Objects: 150, 155
Objects of mathematics: 191-92;
Objects: three classes of, 142
Ocean: 19
Ode of the Intimations of Immortality: 152
Odyssey, Homer: 7
Oeconomicus (Xenophon): 131
Of the End (Epicurus): 298
Okeanos: 7
Oligarchy: 208
Olympian gods: 7-13;
genealogy, 32;
sequence of generation, 9, 28
Olympian religion: 12
Olympians: See Olympian gods
Olympiodorus: 358, 361
Olympus: 7
On being (Protagoras): 99
On Democritus (Aristotle): 87
On General Mathematical Science (Iamblichus): 358
On Generation and Corruption (Aristotle): 222
On Human Life (Epicurus): 298
On Inquiry (Aenesidemus): 334
On Interpretation (Aristotle): 222, 231, 237-44, 318
On Logic: Zeno of Citium, 309
On Mind (Lucippus): 84
On Nature (Anaximander): 21;
(Diogenes): 93;
(Empedocles): 65-72;
(Epicurus): 298;
(Heracletus): 33;
(Prodicus): 104;
(Xenophanes): 27
On Not-being or on Nature (Gorgias): 102
On Philosophy (Aristotle): 220, 221
On the Heaven (Aristotle): 222
On the Nature of Man (Prodicus): 104
On the Gods (Protagoras): 99
On the Planets (Democritus): 84
On the Soul (Aristotle): 220, 222, 229, 265-9
On truth (Protagoras): 99
One, the: 59, 161, 165, 343, 348-52;
and the Many: problem of, 161-6
One being: properties of, 54ff
Opinion: 153, 182;
and knowledge, 153;
division from knowledge, 154;
(doxa): 171;
false, 171-4;
false, definition, 174-5;
true, 171-9;
way of, as depicted by Parmenides, 52, 57-8
Opposition of proposition: doctrine of, 241
Order and methodology: importance of, 255
Organon (Aristotle): 230-1;
(Aristotle): plurality of works in, 231
Orphic religious doctrines, 151
Osphicism: 76
Ouranos (Sky): 7-8
Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Sextus Empiricus): 336
P
Pain: 129
Panaetius of Rhodes: 309
Pamphilus: 297
Paradox of the liar: 131-32
Parallel Lives of Illustrious Greeks and Romans (Plutarch): 337
Parmenidean dilemma: 56, 83, 252-3
Parmenidean poem: 51ff;
methodology, 56;
prologue, 51ff
Parmenidean sphere of being, 56, 57, 102
Parmenidean way of truth, 52ff, 68, 75-6, 92
Parmenides of Elea: 161-6, 174;
attempt to reconcile being and nonbeing, 53-5;
confronted, 258-60;
denies possibility of change, 252;
denies science of nature, 250;
doctrine about world around, 57, 252;
doctrine, as reflected in poem, 51ff;
doctrine of, 252;
doctrine utterly arbitrary, 53;
fl. about 475 B.C., 50;
inquiry into falsity and truth, 52ff;
interested in Theory of Ideas, 162;
interrogates young Socrates, 161;
natural doctrine of, 58;
on finitude of being, 55, 62-3;
pupil of Xenophanes, 51;
Pythagorean, 51;
rejects dualism of Pythagorean doctrines, 56;
source of being, 54;
way of opinion, 52, 57-8, 254;
way of truth, 52ff, 68, 75-6, 92
Parmenides (Plato): 50, 59, 134, 145, 160
Participation: 177;
involves infinite regress: 163-5;
limited, 178
Particulars: 180, 182
Patroclus: 6
Parts of Animals (Aristotle): 222
Parva Nuturalia (Aristotle): 222
Pausanias: 66
Peleus: 8
Peloponnesian war: 135
Pentateuch, The: 341
Perception: Protagoras statement on, 99-100
Pericles: 98
Perictione: 134
Persaeus: 308
Persian Magi: considered agnostics, 99
Peripatetics: 307
Persian Magi: Protagoras taught by, 98-99
Persian monarchy: 210
Persuasism: art of, 100
Phaedo (Plato): 82, 113, 115-8, 145, 148-51, 220
Phaedrus (Plato): 145
Phaenasete: 111
Philebus (Plato): 145
Philip of Macedon: 216
Philiponus, Johannes: 361
Philo Judaeus: 341
Philo of Athens: 327
Philo of Larisa: 334
Philolaus: 41;
"harmony of the spheres," 49
Philomythos (myth): 222
Philosopher: compared with lawyer, 170;
definition, 174;
(Philosophus): 222
Philosophers: as rulers, 206-7
Philosophical sciences: order among, 228-30
Philosophy: and non-philosophy, 222;
arises from wonder, 223;
definition of, 224;
First, 228-30, 284-96;
indispensable first part, 298-9;
love of wisdom, 224;
meant to purify religion, 4;
moral and political, 269-84;
natural: See Philosophy of nature;
nature and division of, 222-3Q.
Philosophy of nature: 31, 149, 250-69;
bulk of Aristotle's writings devoted to, 250;
historical background, 251-4
Philosophy: ordered whole of sciences, 230;
origins of, 3ff;
practical, division of, 228;
preparation for death, 193;
quarrel with poetry, 4-6;
six parts of, 310;
speculative and practical, 225-7;
Stoic division of, 231;
study of death, 115;
theoretical, division of, 227-8
Phronesis: 221
Phynacus: 307
Physical things: definition, 260-1
Physical universe: 183
Physical world: 58
Physics: 260, 301-3, 310, 316-8; 260;
and mathematics, 44;
of Stoics: 316-8;
(Aristotle): 21, 222, 250, 253-4, 260, 264-5;
(Simplicius)
Physiology: human, 189
Piety: 147-8
Pistis (belief): 155
Place: definition, 264
Planets: 10, 186
Plants: 267
Plato: Academy founded by, 137;
Apology, 112-15, 145;
aristocratic connections, 134;
authentic dialogues: 145;
birth, 134;
Charmides, 120-3, 145, 147;
claim to greatness, 134;
Cosmology, 189;
Cratylus, 145;
crisis in thought, 160-80;
Critias, 145;
Crito, 145;
death, 134;
denies science of nature, 250;
dialogues: See Dialogues of Plato;
distaste for democracy, 135;
Doctrine of Forms or Ideas, 118, 144, 147-60;
doctrine of mathematical intermediates, 190-2;
Epinomis, 145;
Euthydemus, 130, 145;
Euthyphro, 112, 147, 148;
Euthyphron, 145;
extensive travels, 136;
family, 134, 136;
First Philosophy, 284-96;
follower of Socrates, 136;
Gorgias, 145;
head of Academy, 138;
Hippias Maior, 145;
Hippias Minor, 145;
influence of Orphis and Pythagorean religious doctrines on, 151;
involved in Syracusan government, 198;
Ion, 145;
knowledge is sensation, 168-71;
Laches, 145, 147;
Laws, 20, 145, 209-15;
letters, 141-2;
Lysis, 145;
man and his work, 134-47;
mathematical intermediates, doctrines of, 190-3;
members of family in dialogues, 136;
Menexenus, 145;
Meno, 119, 145;
method of introducing students to philosophy, 138-9;
natural doctrine: 180-92;
nature of soul, 193-8;
on morality and politics, 198-215;
no oral teaching given by, 144;
Parmenides, 50, 59, 134, 145, 160;
perhaps nickname, 134;
Phaedo: 82, 113, 115-8, 145, 148-51, 220;
Phaedrus, 145;
Philebus, 145;
political attitudes, 135-6;
present at Socrates' trial, 136;
Protagoras, 98, 124-9, 145;
reasons for going to Sicily, 136-7;
remark on unity of god, 30;
Republic, 4, 134-5, 139-40, 144-6, 150, 153-60, 180, 199-209;
search for definitions, 158-9;
search for truth, 140;
Socratic dialogues: See Dialogues of Plato: Socratic;
Sophist, 145, 160, 174-80;
Statesman, 145, 160, 179-80, 183;
Symposium, 145;
Theaetetus, 119, 145, 160, 166-74;
Timaeus, 134, 145, 180-90, 337;
unwritten doctrine, 144;
view of man, 192-215;
views on natural world, 180;
voyage to Sicily, 136;
writings, 141-7
Platonic Academy: See Academy
Platonic dialetic: 140
Platonic doctrine: 142, 143, 309;
fundamental: See Doctrine of Forms
Platonic method: unity of, 145
Platonism: 217, 221
Platonists: 307
Platopolis: 341-2
Pleasure: 129;
and pain, primacy of, 210;
fulfillment of happy life, 303-4
Plotinus: 3, 338, 341-56;
birth, 341;
Enneads, The, 341-3;
hope of founding Platopolis, 341-2
Plurality: 176
Plutarch of Athens: commentary on
Aristotle's De Anima, 358
Plutarch of Chaeronia: 71, 337;
Lives, 337;
Moralia, 337;
Parallel Lives of Illustrious Greeks and Romans, 337
Plutocracy: 208
Plynacus: 307
Poetics (Aristotle): 6, 65, 222, 223, 231
Poetry: 3-6;
and philosophy, relation between, 209;
quarrel with philosophy, 4-6
Poets: theological, 6-12
Points: bodies generated from, 47;
geometrical, 46
Po emarchus: 199, 200
Polemo: 328
Polis: See Greek polis
Politics: 198-215, 310;
(Aristotle): 222, 269-84
Polyclitus: 261
Polycrates: 40;
Accusation of Socrates, The, 131
Polytheism: 29
Pontus: 9
Population of city: 211
Porphyry of Tyre: birth, 356;
student of Plotinus, 341;
summary of Pythagoras doctrine, 41
Poseidon: 7, 74
Posidonius: 334
Possibility: reality of, 132
Posterior Analytics (Aristotle): 222, 227, 231, 244-9
Potone: 134
Praxiphanes: 297
Preconceptions: 299-300
Predication: possibility of, 132
Prediction: 178
Premiss: definition, 242;
demonstrative, 242;
dialectical, 242;
division into
demonstration and dialectical, 242
Premisses: 242
Presocratic philosophy: 76
Presocratics: 110, 130, 254, 256, 308
Priam: 6
Pride (hybris): 7
Priests in Babylonia: 16
Prime mover: 221, 264, 269
Prime Mover: immobile and incorporeal, 264
Prior Analytics (Aristotle): 222, 231, 241-4, 247-8
Proclus: 16;
birth, 358;
commentaries, 358;
Elements, 358;
Elements of Physics, 358;
Elements of Theology, 358
works on Plato's theology, 358
Procreation: 88
Prodicus of Ceos: 104-5, 109;
concern with correct: terminology, 104-5;
fl. end of 5th century, 104;
on how gods arose, 105;
On Nature, 104;
On the Nature of Man, 104;
Sophist, 104
Productive class: 207
Progression of Animals (Aristotle): 222
Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion: 13
Prometheus: 98-101, 109, 124-30
Properties of being: 54ff
Property: 249
Proposition or interpretation: 239-40
Propositions: compound, 240;
having universal subject, 240-1;
immediate, 248;
simple, 240;
truth or falsity of, 241
Protagoras of Abdera: 98-101, 109, 124-30;
accused of impiety, 98;
Antilogiae, 99;
fl. in 5th century B.C., 98;
On being, 99;
On the Gods, 99;
On Truth, 99;
pupil of great atomist, 98;
Refutatory Arugments, 99;
sceptical doctrine of, 100-1;
Sophist, 124;
statement on perception, 99-100;
statement that "Man is measure of all things," 98, 99-100;
taught by Persian Magi, 98-99;
writings, 98-9
Protagoras (Plato): 98, 124-9, 145
Protrepticus (Aristotle): 220-2
Psychology: 233
Public service: 208
Punishment for misdeeds: 75
Purifications (Empedocles): 65
Pyramids: measured by Thales, 16
Pyrrho of Elis: 324-7;
birth, 324;
founder of sceptics, 324
Pyrrhonian Discourses (Aenesidemus): 334
Pythagoras of Samos: 40-3
belief in identity between number and sound, 42;
birth, 40;
incommensurability of diagonal and side of square, 42, 43;
son of Hermes, 43;
theories of number, 42, 44-7;
pupils, 40-1
Pythagorean communities: rules of conduct, 42
Pythagorean community: 41
Pythagorean cosmogony, 52; 46-7, 58
Pythagorean doctrines: 43-50;
concerning pursuit of truth, 43;
identification of things with numbers, 42;
dualism of being and non-being, 56;
magnitude of numbers, 46, 50;
on formation of world, 48ff;
role of opposites in world, 47;
things are numbers and aggregates of unit-points, 59;
view of extent of reality, 48;
view of universe, 49, 50
Pythagoreans: 40-50;
abstension from meat, 41;
influential in southern Italy, 50;
interest in mathematics, 43-50;
renowed for secrecy, 41
Pythagorean mathematics: as cosmology, 48
Pythagorean religious doctrine, 151
Pythagorean society: 42, 137, 139;
scientific contributions, 42
Pythagorean theorem: 41, 42, 43
Pythagoreanism: revival, 339-41
Pythias, daughter of Aristotle: 216;
wife of Aristotle: 216
R
Race track: impossibility of traversing, 60, 61-2
Real world: 183
Reality: structure of, 181
Reason: as depicted by Parmenides, 52ff
Reasoning or discourse: 232
Receptacle: arena of change, 188;
identified with space, 189-90;
likened to mother, 188
Recollection (anamnesis): 168, 194, 220
Reflections: 155
Refutatory Arguments (Protagoras): 99
Relativity: 35
Religion: 3;
Greek primitive, 12-14;
Cthonic, 12;
earth, 12;
Epicurus' attitude toward, 306;
Olympian, 12
Remembering (anamnesis): 152
Republic (Plato): 4, 134-5, 139-40, 144-6, 150, 153-60, 180, 199-209
Rest: 177-8
Rhea: 7
Rhetoric: 66, 310, 311
Rhetoric (Aristotle): 65, 222, 231
Rituals: of barbarians, 12
Roman Empire: sway over Greece, 308
Roman Stoics: 322-3
Roots: See Elements
Rulers: 204;
legislate in own interest, 200
S
Samos: 40
Saturn: 186
Sceptics: 307, 324-38
School of Athens: 358
"School" of Croton: 41
School of Elis: 132
School of Eratria: 132
School of Isocrates: 137-8
School of Miletus: 20-1
School of Pergamon: 358
Science of nature: 250;
and mathematics, 44;
basic and contradictory assumptions, 253-4;
dialectical summary, 254-5;
historical background, 251-4;
order of procedure, 250-1
Scripture: 185
Sea: 36
Seasons: 10
Second-best method of discovering true existence, 149-50, 156
Self-knowledge, 130
Self-nutrition: 266, 267
Seneca, L.Annaeus: birth, 323;
death, 323;
Dialogues, 323;
Letters to Lucilius, 323;
Natural Questions, 323;
tragedies, 323
Sensation: 7 1-2;
(aisthesis): 168;
infallibility of, 298-9;
Lucretius concentrates on, 299;
mechanims of, 189;
powerless to produce knowledge, 174
Sense and intellect: difference between, 268
Sense perception:
Democritus' views on, 88;
Parmenides' view of, 52ff;
validity of, 56
Senses: external, 267;
internal, 267
Sensible universe: fluidity of, 188
Sensuality: 151
Sensible things: 151-2
Sensible world: 183;
arena of change, 180;
cause, 182
School of Plato: 138
School of Socrates: 131
Separating off: 81;
Anaxagoras' theory of, 80;
Anaximander's theory of, 23, 25;
Nous given as cause of, 82
Seven sages: called Sophists, 98
Sextus Empiricus: 51, 132, 312, 333, 336-7;
Adversus Mathematicos, 336;
Outlines of Pyrrhonism, 336
Sexual morality: 211
Shadows, 155
Sicily: Plato's visits to, 136-7
Sight: 267
Simmias: 195
Simonides: 199
Simplicius: 51;
commentary on Aristotle's Physics, 21;
Physics, 25
Sins, of parents: visited upon children, 197
Sky: 10;
(Ouranos): 7-8
Smell: 267
Snake god of the Cthonic religion: 28
Society: corrupt, 198;
entrusted to philosophers, 198
Socrates: 5, 50, 109-33, 143, 181;
accepts death verdict, 114, 115;
accused of atheism, 114;
accusers of, 112;
attachment to Athens, 109;
belief in immortality, 193;
birth, 109;
called Sophist, 109;
character, 112-7;
charged with pederasty, 116;
charges against, 112ff;
concern with universals, 130;
death, 50, 109, 111, 112, 115-7, 136;
death, description of, 116-7;
doctrine, 117-30;
doctrine of Forms, 118;
ethical doctrine, 118;
factual, 112;
his life, 109;
historical, 145-6;
ideal state: See Ideal state;
inner voice, 115;
interested in problems of state, 198;
irony of, 119;
lampoon by Aristophanes, 110;
maieutic art, 119, 120;
meaning attached to knowledge, 124-30;
method of questioning, 167;
midwifery (maieutic), 167-8, 175;
of Platonic dialogues, 110-1;
of Xenophon, 111;
philosophical activity, 117;
Pythagorean and Orphic attitudes, sympathy with, 116;
reply to his accusers, 112;
search for definitions, 118;
Sophist, teaching for fee, 113;
trances, 116;
trial, 112;
view of philosophizing, 130;
wisdom, 119;
wrote nothing, 110;
writings about, 110
Socratic dialogues: See Dialogues of Plato: Socratic
Socratic legends: 111
Socratic method: 119, 120-1
Socratic Problem: 110-2, 145
Socratic schools: 130-3
Solon: 134, 181
Sophist: definitions, 174-5;
(Plato): 145, 160, 174-80
"Sophistes": earlier definition of, 97
Sophistical Refutations (Aristotle): 222, 231
Sophocles: 109
Sophroniscus: 111
Sophrosyne (wisdom), 121
Sophists: 37, 94-108;
assessment, by Plato and Aristotle, 108;
concern with man, 95;
connotation of word, 97-8;
dialectic, largely fallacious, 108;
doctrines, as exercises in method, 107;
education of men by, 97;
flourish in Greek polls, 96;
live by their wits: 96;
paid teachers, 97-8, 110;
training men for life in polis, 106, 109;
wanderers, 96;
term of abuse or denigration, 97
Soul: 177, 193-8, 343-8;
basic type of, 267;
composed of atoms: 89;
creation of, 190;
definition, 196, 220, 265-7;
determinate type of, 265;
exists before birth, 194;
first birth of, 187;
genus containing, 265;
Heraclitus' remarks about, 38-9;
human, 267, 268;
immortality of, 193-7;
imprisoned in body, 182;
Intellective, immortal and eternal, 268;
nature and properties of, 265;
nature of, 193-8;
parts of, 265-6;
parts or faculties of, 267;
pervades universe, 19-20;
rational part immortal, 197;
setting free of, 75;
structure of: mode[ for ideal state, 180-1;
substantial form of living body, 266;
three parts of, 196, 198;
threefold division of, 196;
world, 185
Souls: animal, 267;
guide heavenly bodies, 214;
transmigration of, 41, 73
Sound: identified with number, 42
Source (genesis): 7
Species: 175
Speech (logos): 239
Speusippus: 137, 138, 217;
head of Academy, 134, 138
Sphere: description of, 70;
of being: 56, 57, 74-75, 102;
well rounded: 176
Spheres: See also "Harmony of the spheres," 49
Spherical being: divisibility of, 63
Stars: 10
State: 90
States of mind: See Mental states
Statesman (Plato), 145, 160, 179-80, 183
Stilpo: the Megarian, 131, 308, 327
Stoa: 331
Stoa poikile: 308
Stoic division of philosophy: 231
Stoic doctrine of categories: 312-3
Stoic katalepsis, 327, 328
Stoicism: 132, 307, 308
Stoics: 36, 307-23
Stoics: Roman, 322-3;
theory of end of world, 36
Strife: 35, 37, 69
Structure of morality: 181
Structure of reality: 181
Styx: 19
Substance: 234-5, 256-7;
threefold sense of, 266
Sun: 38, 186;
ordered movement of, 213-4;
role in visible world, 155;
source of light, 154
Sun / Good: 157
Survival: 71
Syllogism: demonstrative, definition, 246;
demonstrative, nature of premisses, 247-8
Syllogisms: definition, 242;
demonstrative, 241-2, 245;
demonstrative or scientific, 244;
perfect and imperfect, relationship between, 242;
subject and predicate of, 243-4
Symmias: 115
Symposium (Plato): 145;
(Xenophon): 116, 131
Syracusan Tyrants: 136-7
Syrannus; 358
Syrian school: 357
Syrianus: commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics
T
Tartarus: 9
Taste: 267
Teachers: fees, 98;
travelling, Sophists as, 98
Teisias: author of first textbook of rhetoric, 101
Temperance: 120-1, 204, 205;
definitions, 121;
is a science, 121
Terms: relation of, 243
Tethys: 19
Thales of Miletus: 3-4, 15-20;
anecdote by Plato concerning, 17-8;
Aristotle's view of, 18-20;
doctrines of, 18-20;
first philosopher, 3, 4, 15, 18, 19;
fl. sixth century B.C., 16;
knowledge of astronomy, 15-7;
Ionian, 27;
knowledge of Geometry, 16-7;
measurement of pyramids, 16;
mythical figure, 20;
predecessors called non-philosophers, 3;
prediction of eclipse of sun, 15-7;
one of seven sages of ancient world, 15;
reputation and importance, 17;
(water): 34
Theadorus: 167, 174
Theaetetus, 174;
(Plato): 119, 145, 160, 166-74
Themis: 10
Theogony: Hesiod: 28
Theological poets: 6-12
Theology: 214, 310
Theon of Smyrna: 338
Theophrastus: 21, 66, 328
Theses: either suppositions (hypotheses) or definitions, 248
Things: universal and singular,
distinction between, 240
Thinking: 155
Thirty Tyrants: 198
Thought: identified with flow of blood, 72;
true existence revealed in, 151
Thracians: 28
Thrasymachus of Chalcedon: 105, 200;
Great Text book, 105;
Sophist, 105;
Subjects for Oratory, 105;
view of justice, 105
Thucydides: 109
Thunderbolt: 38
Timaeus (Plato), 134, 145, 180-90, 337;
most influential writing, 182;
treated as Scripture, 185
Timaes of Locris: 181;
astronomer, 181;
discusses nature of universe, 181
Time and heaven: interdependent, 186
Time: beginning of: 184;
definition, 264
Timocracy: 208
"Timon and Hades:" 327
Timon of Phlius: 324, 326-8;
Images, 327;
prolific writer, 327;
Lampoons (Silli), 327
Titans:
Topics (Aristotle): 64, 222, 231, 249
Touch: 267
Transmigration of souls:
Treatises (Aristotle): 218, 221-2;
consequent on Aristotle's Physics, 264-5
Trilogy of Platonic Dialogues: depicting forming of world, 180-1
Troy: fall of:
True existence: revealed in thought, 151;
second-best way of discovering, 149-50, 156
Truth (Antiphon the Sophist), 105;
criterion of, 311-2;
pursuit of, 43;
way of: as depicted by Parmenides, 52ff, 68, 75-6, 92;
way of: Empedocles on, 68;
Parmenidean, 52ff, 68, 75-6, 92;
or falsity: 237-8
Typhaeus:
Tyrants: success of, 201;
Syracusan, 137;
Thirty, 198
U
Units: arithmetical, 45, 46;
configurations in space, 46;
have spatial magnitude, 46
Unity of God: 29-30
Unity of opposites: 37
Universals: 236-7
Universe: 38;
Anaximanders picture of, 21-4;
anthropomorphic interpretation, 95;
nature of, 181;
Pythagorean view of, 49, 50;
working of mind in, 150
V
Venus: 186
Verbs: definition, 238
Virtue: 119-20, 273-4, 355;
and knowledge, 277-81;
and knowledge,
identification of, 124-30;
moral, acquisition of, 274-5;
moral, definition of, 275-6;
taught by Sophists, 97;
four, 204
Visibilia: 155
Void: 264
W
War: 35;
need for, 203
Water: 34, 70, 187;
(nestis): 67;
primacy of, 18
Way of Opinion (Parmenides), 254
Wind: encloses whole world, 27
Winds: 10
Wisdom: 34-5, 38, 204, 205;
and knowledge, 121-2;
definition, 121-2, 224;
is a science, 121;
love of, 228;
(sophrosyne): 121
Wise man: characteristics of, 225
Women: 206;
education of, 211
Works and Days (Hesiod): 11-12
World: 35;
beginning in time: 184;
coming into being, 9;
common, to all awake, 38;
consumed by fire, 367;
divided into sensible things and Forms, 152;
end of, 36-7;
formation of: See Formation of world;
of Homer, 12;
private, of men asleep, 38;
See also Created world; Natural world; Physical world; Sensible world; World of Forms, etc.
World body: 185-6
World of Forms: 183, 189-91
World soul: 185, 190
X
Xanthippe: 111, 162
Xenocrates: 137, 138, 217, 308
Xenophanes of Colophon: 4, 15, 29-32;
affirmative remarks about god: 29;
analogue for Sophists, 96;
anecdote concerning Pythagoras, 41;
birth, 27;
complaints concerning Olympian gods, 28-9;
concern with conduct, 95;
divinity, major concern of, 29;
contribution to philosophical theology, 31;
divinity should not be localized, 28;
doubts about sense perception, 53;
(earth): 34;
founder of Italian or Eleatic school of philosophy, 27;
criticism of poets, 32;
Ionian, 27;
natural philosophy, 31;
On Nature, 27;
poet, 27;
remarks on unity of god, 29-30;
view of divine, 53
Xenophon: Apology, 131;
birth, 131;
concerned with defending Socrates, 110;
Cyropaideia, 131;
Memorabilia, 110, 131;
Oeconomicus, 131;
Symposium, 131 382
Z
Zeno of Citium: 307, 308, 328;
birth, 308;
founder of Stoicism, 132;
On Logic, 309
Zeno of Elea: 50, 58-62, 174;
arguments in favor of the One, 161;
birth, 59;
founder of dialectic or logic, 59, 66;
four arguments against motion, 60-2;
Pythagorean, 59;
forty arguments against multiplicity, 59;
traversal of finite space, 60-1
Zeus: 7-13, 38, 67, 74, 101
Zeus Meilichos: 13
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